{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:20:48Z","timestamp":1788956448740,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sleep disorders are prevalent and significant among individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), adversely affecting their quality of life and treatment adherence. While cerebral blood flow (CBF) plays a crucial role in the development of various diseases, its relationship with sleep disorders remains uncertain. This observational study focuses on possible correlations between CBF and poor subjective sleep quality in MMT patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 75 participants with a history of MMT were recruited and assessed using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging to determine CBF. A LAASO regression model was employed to identify the region of interest (ROI) most associated with sleep disturbance. The association between the CBF of the ROI and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was examined using regression analyses. Age, gender, BMI, history of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and methadone withdrawal were included as covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among MMT patients with poor subjective sleep quality, significantly higher CBF was observed in the right paracentral lobule (56.1057 \u00b1 11.1624 ml\/100 g\/min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.044), right cerebelum_3 (56.6723 \u00b1 15.3139 ml\/100 g\/min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.026), right caudate nucleus (48.9168 \u00b1 6.9910 ml\/100 g\/min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.009), and left caudate nucleus (47.6207 \u00b1 6.1374 ml\/100 g\/min, p = 0.006). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between CBF in the right paracentral lobule and the total PSQI score (\u03b2 = 0.1135, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0323), with the association remaining significant even after adjustment for covariates (\u03b2 = 0.1276, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0405).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MMT patients with poor subjective sleep quality exhibited significantly altered CBF in multiple brain regions. The association between increased CBF in the right paracentral lobule and subjective sleep quality in MMT patients could be crucial in understanding sleep disorders in individuals undergoing MMT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier: ChiCTR2100051931.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1400810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T05:00:21Z","timestamp":1723093221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cerebral blood flow in the paracentral lobule is associated with poor subjective sleep quality among patients with a history of methadone maintenance treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiaxue","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deshenyue","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinze","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingfeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.08.016","article-title":"Fentanyl concentration in drug checking samples and risk of overdose death in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"66","author":"Kennedy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104187","article-title":"Long-term patterns of treatment use for opioid use disorder (OUD): findings from the 18-20-year Australian Treatment Outcome Study","volume":"120","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001032","article-title":"Methadone dose, cannabis use, and treatment retention: findings from a community-based sample of people who use unregulated drugs","volume":"17","author":"Lake","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Addict Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164310","article-title":"Analysis, occurrence, and consumption of substances with abuse potential in Xinjiang, China, from 2021 to 2022","volume":"889","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30130-4","article-title":"Heroin addiction, methadone, and HIV in China","volume":"3","author":"Marienfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"The lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001681","article-title":"Medications for opioid use disorder and mortality and hospitalization among people with opioid use-related infections","volume":"35","author":"Figgatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2023.10.018","article-title":"Routine monitoring of QTc interval as a barrier for efficient use of methadone in palliative care","volume":"67","author":"Pawate","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.007","article-title":"Assessing sleep in opioid dependence: a comparison of subjective ratings, sleep diaries, and home polysomnography in methadone maintenance patients","volume":"113","author":"Sharkey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.019","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is more common than central sleep apnea in methadone maintenance patients with subjective sleep complaints","volume":"108","author":"Sharkey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.05.025","article-title":"Pain depression and sleep disorders among methadone maintenance treatment patients","volume":"37","author":"Pud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.03.001","article-title":"Effects of saffron supplementation on improving sleep quality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"92","author":"Lian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1348","article-title":"Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.2.632","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing associated with long-term opioid therapy","volume":"123","author":"Farney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104832","article-title":"Sleep loss and addiction","volume":"141","author":"L\u00f3pez-Muci\u00f1o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2021.02.004","article-title":"Increased alcohol consumption in sleep-restricted rats is mediated by delta FosB induction","volume":"93","author":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2020","article-title":"Regulation of cerebral blood flow in humans: physiology and clinical implications of autoregulation","volume":"101","author":"Claassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.4.470","article-title":"Site of opioid action in the human brain: mu and kappa agonists' subjective and cerebral blood flow effects","volume":"155","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01548-8","article-title":"Naloxone precipitated withdrawal increases dopamine release in the dorsal striatum of opioid dependent men","volume":"11","author":"Shokri-Kojori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12705","article-title":"Support vector machine-based multivariate pattern classification of methamphetamine dependence using arterial spin labeling","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.7.1173","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2(15)O PET study","volume":"120","author":"Braun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106222","article-title":"Durative sleep fragmentation with or without hypertension suppress rapid eye movement sleep and generate cerebrovascular dysfunction","volume":"184","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.11.032","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow changes after a day of wake, sleep, and sleep deprivation","volume":"186","author":"Elvs\u00e5shagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-018-0134-8","article-title":"Alterations of brain local functional connectivity in amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Zhen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13318","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2023593","article-title":"Abnormal static and dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in multiple brain regions of methamphetamine abstainers","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mathem Biosci Eng: MBE."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.090","article-title":"Neural substrates underlying REM sleep duration in patients with major depressive disorder: a longitudinal study combining multimodal MRI data","volume":"344","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.057","article-title":"Aberrant functional connectivity within and between brain networks in patients with early-onset bipolar disorder","volume":"338","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66066-x","article-title":"Sleep disturbance-related depressive symptom and brain volume reduction in shift-working nurses","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202514","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1202514","article-title":"Cerebellum and hippocampus abnormalities in patients with insomnia comorbid depression: a study on cerebral blood perfusion and functional connectivity","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-2014CI","article-title":"Opioid use disorder, sleep deficiency, and ventilatory control: bidirectional mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"206","author":"Eckert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.012","article-title":"Neural substrates of excessive daytime sleepiness in early drug na\u00efve Parkinson's disease: a resting-state functional MRI study","volume":"24","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.05.033","article-title":"Prevalence of high impulsivity and its relation to sleep indices in opioid use disorder patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"175","author":"Ayali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"176","article-title":"Prevalence of respiratory disorders during sleep among subjects of methadone maintenance therapy program","volume":"13","author":"Talaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction & health."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107698","article-title":"Multimodal assessment of sleep in men and women during treatment for opioid use disorder","volume":"207","author":"Finan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.012","article-title":"Disrupted brain network topology in chronic insomnia disorder: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clinical."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.02.005","article-title":"Brain regional homogeneity changes after short-term positive airway pressure treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"91","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179752","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1179752","article-title":"Regional homogeneity and functional connectivity of freezing of gait conversion in Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01000.x","article-title":"Cortical morphometry in narcolepsy with cataplexy","volume":"21","author":"Schaer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-022-00654-5","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity of the sensory\/somatomotor network associated with sleep quality: evidence from 202 young male samples","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1967\/s002449910361","article-title":"Functional changes in patients with internet addiction disclosed by adenosine stressed cerebral blood flow perfusion imaging (99m)Tc-ECD SPET","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hell J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113526","article-title":"Improvement in cognitive performance after one year of methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"294","author":"Elkana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.02.003","article-title":"Nocturnal sleep architecture disturbances in early methadone treatment patients","volume":"179","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1400810\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T05:00:24Z","timestamp":1723093224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1400810\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1400810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1400810","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"article-number":"1400810"}}