{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:20:09Z","timestamp":1788351609396,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is compelling evidence that a dysregulated immune inflammatory response in neuroinfectious diseases results in modifications in metabolic processes and altered metabolites, directly or indirectly influencing lipid metabolism within the central nervous system (CNS). The challenges in differential diagnosis and the provision of effective treatment in many neuroinfectious diseases are, in part, due to limited understanding of the pathophysiology underlying the disease. Although there are numerous metabolomics studies, there remains a deficit in neurolipidomics research to provide a comprehensive understanding of the connection between altered metabolites and changes in lipid metabolism. The brain is an inherently high-lipid organ; hence, understanding neurolipidomics is the key to future breakthroughs. This review aims to provide an integrative summary of altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites associated with neurolipid metabolism in bacterial and viral CNS infections, with a particular focus on studies that used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS). Lipid components (phospholipids) and metabolites (carnitine and tryptophan) appear to be the most significant indicators in both bacterial and viral infections. On the basis of our analysis of the literature, we recommend employing neurolipidomics in conjunction with existing neurometabolomics data as a prospective method to enhance our understanding of the cross link between dysregulated metabolites and lipid metabolism in neuroinfectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1403312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T04:39:07Z","timestamp":1722832747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["LC\u2013MS metabolomics and lipidomics in cerebrospinal fluid from viral and bacterial CNS infections: a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ontefetse Neo","family":"Plaatjie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Marceline Tutu","family":"van Furth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"van der Kuip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayne","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of CNS viral infections","volume-title":"The microbiology of central nervous system infections","author":"Das","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010234","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010234","article-title":"Pathogens infecting the central nervous system","volume":"18","author":"Le Govic","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2023.02.003","article-title":"Commonly encountered central nervous system infections in the intensive care unit","volume":"23","author":"McMahon","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.07.293","article-title":"Fungal infections of the nervous system: current perspective and controversies in management","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3390\/idr15060062","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging parasitic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Tunali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.20521","article-title":"Progress and challenges in bacterial meningitis: a review","volume":"328","author":"Hasbun","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"314","article-title":"Aseptic and bacterial meningitis: evaluation, treatment, and prevention","volume":"96","author":"Mount","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Walker","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70138-9","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis: a uniform case definition for use in clinical research","volume":"10","author":"Marais","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"422","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis","volume":"103","author":"Shahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2018.4","article-title":"Integrative omics for health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Karczewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143106","article-title":"Neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation: a comprehensive narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13080948","article-title":"Metabolomics approaches for the diagnosis, treatment, and better disease Management of Viral Infections","volume":"13","author":"Al-Sulaiti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.2741\/2258","article-title":"Neurolipidomics: challenges and developments","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00893","article-title":"Disruption in brain phospholipid content in a humanized tau transgenic model following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Ojo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051115","article-title":"Elevated free phosphatidylcholine levels in cerebrospinal fluid distinguish bacterial from viral CNS infections","volume":"10","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00060","article-title":"Lipid processing in the brain: a key regulator of systemic metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Bruce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.08.011","article-title":"Lipids in the nervous system: from biochemistry and molecular biology to patho-physiology","volume":"1851","author":"Cermenati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00010","article-title":"Neuronal lipid metabolism: multiple pathways driving functional outcomes in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Tracey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.10.002","article-title":"Characteristics and therapy of enteroviral encephalitis: case report and systematic literature review","volume":"113","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.01.022","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid features in adults with enteroviral nervous system infection","volume":"68","author":"Ahlbrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020337","article-title":"Identification of cerebrospinal fluid metabolites as biomarkers for enterovirus meningitis","volume":"20","author":"Ratuszny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-1041-0","article-title":"Mass-spectrometric profiling of cerebrospinal fluid reveals metabolite biomarkers for CNS involvement in varicella zoster virus reactivation","volume":"15","author":"Kuhn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.027","article-title":"Lipid mediators of cerebrospinal fluid in response to TBE and bacterial co-infections","volume":"207","author":"Groth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04637-y","article-title":"Elevated phospholipids and acylcarnitines C4 and C5 in cerebrospinal fluid distinguish viral CNS infections from autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"21","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5742","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065742","article-title":"The tryptophan and kynurenine pathway involved in the development of immune-related diseases","volume":"24","author":"Tsuji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85307","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85307","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism determines outcome in tuberculous meningitis: a targeted metabolomic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ardiansyah","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104589","article-title":"CSF neopterin, quinolinic acid and kynurenine\/tryptophan ratio are biomarkers of active neuroinflammation","volume":"91","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122495","article-title":"Changes in phospholipid composition of the human cerebellum and motor cortex during normal ageing","volume":"14","author":"Hancock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.775648","article-title":"The crucial roles of phospholipids in aging and lifespan regulation","volume":"12","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14011310","article-title":"Phospholipids and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: alterations, mechanisms and potential biomarkers","volume":"14","author":"Kosicek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110609","article-title":"Clinical features of varicella-zoster virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3215","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of varicella zoster virus pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Zerboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.06.004","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus infections of the central nervous system\u2013prognosis, diagnostics and treatment","volume":"71","author":"Grahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01002-y","article-title":"Neurologic outcome of VZV encephalitis one year after ICU admission: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Mirouse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"153","article-title":"Update on HSV and VZV encephalitis in adults","volume-title":"Neurological Complications of Infectious Diseases","author":"Stahl","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit458","article-title":"Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium","volume":"57","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030803","article-title":"Incidence of tick-borne encephalitis during the COVID-19 pandemic in selected European countries","volume":"11","author":"Zaj\u0105c","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i5.430","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: a review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management","volume":"3","author":"Bogovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00105","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00105-19","article-title":"Immunomodulatory strategies in herpes simplex virus encephalitis","volume":"33","author":"Piret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182752ceb","article-title":"Atypical manifestations and poor outcome of herpes simplex encephalitis in the immunocompromised","volume":"79","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2023.2279501","article-title":"Herpes simplex encephalitis with normal brain magnetic resonance imaging and normocellular initial cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000492053","article-title":"A fatal case of herpes simplex encephalitis with two false-negative polymerase chain reactions","volume":"10","author":"Mendez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000330298","article-title":"Herpes simplex encephalitis with two false-negative cerebrospinal fluid PCR tests and review of negative PCR results in the clinical setting","volume":"3","author":"Adler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890390302","article-title":"Encephalitis in immunocompetent patients due to herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 as determined by type-specific polymerase chain reaction and antibody assays of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"39","author":"Aurelius","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w13107","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2010.13107","article-title":"Intrathecal synthesis of specific antibodies as a marker of herpes simplex encephalitis in patients with negative PCR","volume":"140","author":"Denes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1082","article-title":"Screening for possible failure of herpes simplex virus PCR in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"64","author":"Puchhammer-St\u00f6ckl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-02179-w","article-title":"Phosphatidylcholine PC ae C44: 6 in cerebrospinal fluid is a sensitive biomarker for bacterial meningitis","volume":"18","author":"De Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13256","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S13256","article-title":"Sustained elevation of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis","volume":"6","author":"Atlas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tryptophan Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz048","article-title":"Kynurenine is a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for bacterial and viral central nervous system infections","volume":"220","author":"S\u00fchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad437","article-title":"State-of-the-art review: neurosyphilis","volume":"78","author":"Hamill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06846-6","article-title":"Predicting asymptomatic neurosyphilis using peripheral blood indicators","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-44-306557-8\/50059-9","article-title":"Neurosyphilis","volume-title":"Office practice of neurology","author":"Lee","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800383","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.800383","article-title":"An updated review of recent advances in neurosyphilis","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06264-8","article-title":"Diagnostic tools for neurosyphilis: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Boog","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01320-0","article-title":"Novel biochemical insights in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosyphilis based on a metabonomics study","volume":"69","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPWSL3G8RXMCQR","article-title":"Evaluation of treponemal serum tests performed on cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of neurosyphilis","volume":"143","author":"Guarner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425920952840","article-title":"Syphilitic infection impairs immunity by inducing both apoptosis and pyroptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes","volume":"27","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00615","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00615-12","article-title":"Evidence for an ABC-type riboflavin transporter system in pathogenic spirochetes","volume":"4","author":"Deka","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01153","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01153-18","article-title":"Long-term in vitro culture of the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum","volume":"9","author":"Edmondson","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3219-3225.2000","article-title":"Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue displays pathogenic properties different from those of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum","volume":"68","author":"Wicher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.11.031","article-title":"Re-evaluating the sensitivity of the rabbit infectivity test for Treponema pallidum in modern era","volume":"464","author":"Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00150","article-title":"Metabolite profiles of the cerebrospinal fluid in neurosyphilis patients determined by untargeted metabolomics analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100095","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21942","article-title":"Identification of potential metabolic biomarkers of cerebrospinal fluids that differentiate tuberculous meningitis from other types of meningitis by a metabolomics study","volume":"8","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30053-7","article-title":"Cerebral tryptophan metabolism and outcome of tuberculous meningitis: an observational cohort study","volume":"18","author":"van Laarhoven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23291676","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.26.23291676","article-title":"Combined cerebrospinal fluid metabolomic and cytokine profiling in tuberculosis meningitis reveals robust and prolonged changes in immunometabolic networks","volume":"2023","author":"Tomalka","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100654","article-title":"Hypoxanthine is a pharmacodynamic marker of ischemic brain edema modified by glibenclamide","volume":"3","author":"Irvine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12916","article-title":"Hypoxanthine induces cholesterol accumulation and incites atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and cells","volume":"20","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-012-3721-y","article-title":"Characterization of novel triacylglycerol estolides from the seed oil of Mallotus philippensis and Trewia nudiflora","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41509-3","article-title":"Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis decreases very low-density lipoprotein secretion in the hamster","volume":"33","author":"Arbeeny","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1501\/Eczfak_0000000527","article-title":"Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid metabolism and their mechanism: which fat?","volume":"38","author":"Guldur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Facult Pharm Ankara Univ"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12018","article-title":"Role of the blood\u2013cerebrospinal fluid barrier transporter as a cerebral clearance system for prostaglandin E2 produced in the brain","volume":"123","author":"Tachikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812535-9.00008-X","article-title":"Organic acidemias and disorders of fatty acid oxidation","volume-title":"Emery and Rimoin's principles and practice of medical genetics and genomics","author":"Vockley","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00359-7","article-title":"WHO global tuberculosis report 2022","volume":"4","author":"Bagcchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11052-8","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of central nervous system tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"269","author":"Navarro-Flores","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210264","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0264-2021","article-title":"COVID-19 and tuberculosis: the double whammy of respiratory pathogens","volume":"31","author":"Shariq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279203","article-title":"Microbiological diagnosis and mortality of tuberculosis meningitis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Seid","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70168-6","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis: more questions, still too few answers","volume":"12","author":"Thwaites","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.120","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis","volume":"13","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00065","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination plays a critical role in pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Moule","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"5","article-title":"The pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis","volume":"52","author":"Rich","year":"1933","journal-title":"Bull John Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106532","article-title":"Three-dimensional visualizations from a dataset of immunohistochemical stained serial sections of human brain tissue containing tuberculosis related granulomas","volume":"33","author":"Zaharie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2020.102016","article-title":"The immunological architecture of granulomatous inflammation in central nervous system tuberculosis","volume":"125","author":"Zaharie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4314\/rejhs.v11i3.6","article-title":"Relevance and challenges of neuroimaging for childhood tuberculous meningitis diagnosis in a resource-constraint country: a case report and literature review","volume":"11","author":"Ibraheem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res J Health Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.3.289","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis","volume":"68","author":"Thwaites","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0916","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in central nervous system diseases: pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399406000068","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in the central nervous system: medical implications","volume":"8","author":"Ruddick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1326651","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the human host immune response in tuberculous meningitis","volume":"14","author":"Barnacle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28135-9","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of inflammatory markers as determinants of circulating kynurenines in the lung Cancer cohort consortium","volume":"13","author":"Midttun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00966592","article-title":"Quinolinic acid is a potent lipid peroxidant in rat brain homogenates","volume":"16","author":"Rios","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90796-N","article-title":"MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, blocks quinolinic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in rat corpus striatum","volume":"159","author":"Santamaria","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020610708637","article-title":"Melatonin reduces quinolinic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate","volume":"14","author":"Southgate","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2024.102495","article-title":"Marked IDO2 expression and activity related to autophagy and apoptosis in brain tissue of fatal tuberculous meningitis","volume":"146","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183251","article-title":"Carnitine inborn errors of metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Almannai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052717","article-title":"The role of l-carnitine in mitochondria, prevention of metabolic inflexibility and disease initiation","volume":"23","author":"Virmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2021.102085","article-title":"Improving host-directed therapy for tuberculous meningitis by linking clinical and multi-omics data","volume":"128","author":"van Crevel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.23937\/2572-3278\/1510058","article-title":"Dietary neurolipidomics in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Kalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nutr Med Diet Care"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadc9317","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adc9317","article-title":"Brain lipidomics: from functional landscape to clinical significance","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13028","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901590R","article-title":"Proresolving mediator profiles in cerebrospinal fluid are linked with disease severity and outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis","volume":"33","author":"Colas","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.013","article-title":"The lta4h locus modulates susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in zebrafish and humans","volume":"140","author":"Tobin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39244","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.39244","article-title":"Assessment of lipid profile in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: an observational study","volume":"15","author":"Mani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3843291","article-title":"Lipid profile in tuberculosis patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"2017","author":"Gebremicael","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref103","author":"Papathakis","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114187","article-title":"Comprehensive lipid profiles investigation reveals host metabolic and immune alterations during anti-tuberculosis treatment: implications for therapeutic monitoring","volume":"158","author":"Anh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1403312\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T04:39:14Z","timestamp":1722832754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1403312\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1403312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1403312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"article-number":"1403312"}}