{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:24:23Z","timestamp":1792697063578,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the activation patterns in the frontal cortex of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment during the execution of working memory tasks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>15 patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment, 17 patients without cognitive impairment, and 15 healthy controls of similar age and sex were included. All participants under-went immediate recall task testing and near-infrared spectroscopy imaging to measure frontal cortex activation during the task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The healthy control group performed the best in the immediate recall task, followed by the post-stroke non-cognitive impairment group. The post-stroke cognitive impairment group had the poorest performance. The near-infrared spectroscopy results revealed that during the immediate recall task, the healthy control group primarily activated the left frontal lobe region. In contrast, post-stroke patients exhibited reduced activation in the left frontal lobe and increased activation in the right frontal cortex, particularly in the right frontopolar and orbitofrontal regions, with the post-stroke cognitive impairment group displaying the most pronounced changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment exhibit reduced activation in the left prefrontal cortex during the working memory tasks. They rely on compensatory activation in the right prefrontal cortex, particularly in the frontopolar and orbitofrontal cortex, to successfully complete the task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1419128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T15:26:00Z","timestamp":1723476360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Brain activation patterns in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment during working memory task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongye","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hochieh","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.319951","article-title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"130","author":"Rost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5765.2021.04.011","article-title":"Expert consensus on poststroke cognitive impairment management","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Stroke"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816333","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.816333","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-001-0028-5","article-title":"Stroke and cognition","volume":"3","author":"Kalaria","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024429","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024429","article-title":"Addressing cognitive impairment following stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomised controlled studies of psychological interventions","volume":"9","author":"Merriman","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002293","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002293.pub3","article-title":"Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits after stroke","volume":"2016","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000079193","article-title":"Cognitive functioning after stroke: a one-year follow-up study","volume":"18","author":"Rasquin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88606-9","article-title":"Levels of physical activity before and after stroke in relation to early cognitive function","volume":"11","author":"Viktorisson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg245","article-title":"Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study","volume":"126","author":"Ward","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg145","article-title":"Neural correlates of outcome after stroke: a cross-sectional fMRI study","volume":"126","author":"Ward","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102742","article-title":"Altered hippocampal functional connectivity patterns in patients with cognitive impairments following ischaemic stroke: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"32","author":"JeYoung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923942","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.923942","article-title":"Neuroimaging biomarkers of cognitive recovery after ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Mouna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.09.004","article-title":"Montreal cognitive assessment score correlates with regional cerebral blood flow in post-stroke patients","volume":"174","author":"Nakaoku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168773","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1168773","article-title":"The analysis of brain functional connectivity of post-stroke cognitive impairment patients: an fNIRS study","volume":"17","author":"Jiahuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2105130","article-title":"Efficacy of intermittent Theta-burst stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"21","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201800298","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201800298","article-title":"Investigation of brain functional connectivity in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study","volume":"12","author":"Thien","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107280","article-title":"Alteration in brain functional connectivity in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment during memory task: a fNIRS study","volume":"32","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205018666210212154941","article-title":"Diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment using cognitive tasks: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"17","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14530","article-title":"Validation of the Chinese version of Montreal cognitive assessment basic for screening mild cognitive impairment","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.1.104","article-title":"The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity:active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory","volume":"114","author":"Nash","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150530202729","article-title":"Auditory verbal learning test is superior to rey-osterrieth complex figure memory for predicting mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.5.1657","article-title":"Interpretation of near-infrared spectroscopy signals: a study with a newly developed perfused rat brain model","volume":"90","author":"Hoshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173004","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1173004","article-title":"The continuous performance test aids the diagnosis of post-stroke cognitive impairment in patients with right hemisphere damage","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.2.161","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory impairment after traumatic brain injury","volume":"71","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150612","article-title":"Effect of age on working memory performance and cerebral activation after mild traumatic brain injury: a functional MR imaging study","volume":"278","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(02)01957-5","article-title":"New visions of the aging mind and brain","volume":"6","author":"Reuter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00391.1997","article-title":"Age-related differences in neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"17","author":"Cabeza","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm155","article-title":"Que PASA? The posterioranterior shift in aging","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.8.805","article-title":"The effects of age on the neural correlates of episodic encoding","volume":"9","author":"Grady","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929052880048","article-title":"Aging and the neural correlates of successful picture encoding: frontal activations compensate for decreased medial-temporal activity","volume":"17","author":"Gutchess","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00570.x","article-title":"Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis","volume":"17","author":"Reuter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.876","article-title":"Components of verbal working memory: evidence from neuroimaging","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12061","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.20.12061","article-title":"Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20221","article-title":"A systematic review and quantitative appraisal of fMRI studies of verbal fluency: role of the left inferior frontal gyrus","volume":"27","author":"Costafreda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.5.897","article-title":"Role of the nondominant hemisphere and undamaged area during word repetition in poststroke aphasics: a PET activation study","volume":"27","author":"Ohyama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520330117020","article-title":"Evidence for right hemisphere involvement in recovery from aphasia","volume":"45","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00025","article-title":"Neuroplasticity in poststroke aphasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of functional imaging studies of reorganization of language processing","volume":"2","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Lang"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00179","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00179","article-title":"fMRI of working memory impairment after recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"4","author":"Timothy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01132-0","article-title":"The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function","volume":"47","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.021","article-title":"Dissociable roles of prefrontal subregions in self-ordered working memory performance","volume":"46","author":"Chase","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2667","article-title":"Is the rostro-caudal axis of the frontal lobe hierarchical?","volume":"10","author":"Badre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.05.004","article-title":"The gateway hypothesis of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) function","volume":"11","author":"Burgess","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.6.932","article-title":"Functional specialization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10): a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Gilbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.6.1271","article-title":"A graded task approach to the functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditoty. Verbal memory","volume":"117","author":"Grasby","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/096582199387742","article-title":"The neural correlates of updating of information in verbal working memory","volume":"7","author":"Van","year":"1999","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0464-08.2008","article-title":"Working memory for social cues recruits orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of delayed matching to sample for emotional expressions","volume":"28","author":"LoPresti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00273.2009","article-title":"Encoding of reward and space during a working memory task in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate sulcus","volume":"102","author":"Steven","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1419128\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T15:26:06Z","timestamp":1723476366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1419128\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1419128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1419128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"article-number":"1419128"}}