{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T21:17:31Z","timestamp":1793740651265,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used therapy to enhance motor deficit in stroke patients. To date, rTMS protocols used in stroke patients are relatively unified. However, as the pathophysiology of stroke is diverse and individual functional deficits are distinctive, more precise application of rTMS is warranted. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of personalized protocols of rTMS therapy based on the functional reserve of each stroke patient in subacute phase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study will recruit 120 patients with stroke in subacute phase suffering from the upper extremity motor impairment, from five different hospitals in Korea. The participants will be allocated into three different study conditions based on the functional reserve of each participant, measured by the results of TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and brain MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) evaluations. The participants of the intervention-group in the three study conditions will receive different protocols of rTMS intervention, a total of 10 sessions for 2\u2009weeks: high-frequency rTMS on ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1), high-frequency rTMS on ipsilesional ventral premotor cortex, and high-frequency rTMS on contralesional M1. The participants of the control-group in all three study conditions will receive the same rTMS protocol: low-frequency rTMS on contralesional M1. For outcome measures, the following assessments will be performed at baseline (T0), during-intervention (T1), post-intervention (T2), and follow-up (T3) periods: Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Box-and-block test, Action Research Arm Test, Jebsen-Taylor hand function test, hand grip strength, Functional Ambulatory Category, fractional anisotropy measured by the DTI, and brain network connectivity obtained from MRI. The primary outcome will be the difference of upper limb function, as measured by FMA from T0 to T2. The secondary outcomes will be the differences of other assessments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study will determine the effects of applying different protocols of rTMS therapy based on the functional reserve of each patient. In addition, this methodology may prove to be more efficient than conventional rTMS protocols. Therefore, effective personalized application of rTMS to stroke patients can be achieved based on their severity, predicted mechanism of motor recovery, or functional reserves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier NCT06270238.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1427142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T14:23:16Z","timestamp":1720016596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of personalized rTMS to enhance upper limb function in subacute stroke patients: a protocol for a multi-center, randomized controlled study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ho Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Gil","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeun Jie","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungsoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Yeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Jeong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Hyuk","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and National Burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","article-title":"World stroke organization (Wso): global stroke fact sheet 2022","volume":"17","author":"Feigin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087172.16305.CD","article-title":"Probability of regaining dexterity in the flaccid upper limb: impact of severity of paresis and time since onset in acute stroke","volume":"34","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21S","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311410941","article-title":"Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: common clinical deficits","volume":"25","author":"Sathian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. 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