{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:53:42Z","timestamp":1788170022785,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focal imaging abnormalities in patients with parkinsonism suggest secondary etiology and require a distinctive clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment. We review different entities presenting as secondary parkinsonism associated with structural brain lesions, with emphasis on the clinical course and neuroimaging findings. Secondary parkinsonism may be due to vascular causes, hydrocephalus, space-occupying lesions, metabolic causes (including acquired hepatocerebral degeneration, diabetic uremic encephalopathy, basal ganglia calcifications, osmotic demyelination syndrome), hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, intoxications (including methanol, carbon monoxide, cyanide, carbon disulfide, manganese poisoning and illicit drugs), infections and immune causes. The onset can vary from acute to chronic. Both uni-and bilateral presentations are possible. Rigidity, bradykinesia and gait abnormalities are more common than rest tremor. Coexisting other movement disorders and additional associated neurological signs may point to the underlying diagnosis. Neuroimaging studies are an essential part in the diagnostic work-up of secondary parkinsonism and may point directly to the underlying etiology. We focus primarily on magnetic resonance imaging to illustrate how structural imaging combined with neurological assessment can lead to diagnosis. It is crucial that typical imaging abnormalities are recognized within the relevant clinical context. Many forms of secondary parkinsonism are reversible with elimination of the specific cause, while some may benefit from symptomatic treatment. This heterogeneous group of acquired disorders has also helped shape our knowledge of Parkinson\u2019s disease and basal ganglia pathophysiology, while more recent findings in the field garner support for the network perspective on brain function and neurological disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1438885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T04:39:32Z","timestamp":1725424772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Secondary parkinsonism associated with focal brain lesions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rok","family":"Berlot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An\u0111ela","family":"Pavlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Kojovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2019.10.010","article-title":"Secondary parkinsonism due to drugs, vascular lesions, tumors, trauma, and other insults","volume":"149","author":"H\u00f6llerhage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014","article-title":"Parkinsonism in viral, paraneoplastic, and autoimmune diseases","volume":"433","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.011874","article-title":"Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients","volume":"75","author":"Alarcon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20083","article-title":"Clinicopathological investigation of vascular parkinsonism, including clinical criteria for diagnosis","volume":"19","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200118","DOI":"10.1259\/bjrcr.20200118","article-title":"Substantia nigra micro-haemorrhage causing ipsilateral unilateral parkinsonism and abnormal dopamine transporter scan uptake","volume":"7","author":"Ghoneim","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJR Case Rep"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.10.027","article-title":"Pure Hemiparkinsonism secondary to contralateral lacunar stroke in the substantia Nigra","volume":"25","author":"Robles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14088","article-title":"An artery of Percheron infarct with an unusual neurological presentation","volume":"48","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00015.x","article-title":"Secondary parkinsonism due to focal substantia nigra lesions: a PET study with [18F]FDG and [18F]fluorodopa","volume":"93","author":"Boecker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.7.870","article-title":"Peduncular hallucinosis and right hemiparkinsonism caused by left mesencephalic infarction","volume":"57","author":"de la Fuente","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000077666","article-title":"A case of hemiparkinsonism following ischemic lesion of the contralateral substantia nigra: a PET study","volume":"51","author":"Orimo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20747","article-title":"Hemiparkinsonism with a discrete lacunar infarction in the contralateral substantia nigra","volume":"21","author":"Ohta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209384","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209384","article-title":"Parkinsonism associated with traumatic hemorrhage in substantia Nigra: role of presynaptic dopaminergic imaging","volume":"102","author":"Rus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1978.tb00548.x","article-title":"Hemiparkinsonism with infarction of the ipsilateral substantia nigra","volume":"4","author":"Hunter","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6774-1","article-title":"Patients with rest-tremor and scans with ipsilateral dopaminergic deficit","volume":"260","author":"Aguirregomozcorta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.268","article-title":"Ipsilateral deficits of dopaminergic neurotransmission in Parkinson's disease","volume":"3","author":"Kaasinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7030-z","article-title":"Patients with Parkinson's disease and scans with (predominant) ipsilateral dopaminergic deficit","volume":"260","author":"Erro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0774-9","article-title":"Subacute hemicorporal parkinsonism in 5 patients with infarcts of the basal ganglia","volume":"114","author":"Vaamonde","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10983","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010983","article-title":"Usefulness of F-18 FP-CIT PET to predict dopamine-responsive hand tremor in patients other than Parkinson's disease: two case reports","volume":"97","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120642","article-title":"Unilateral parkinsonism following a large infarct in the territory of the lenticulostriate arteries","volume":"12","author":"Fenelon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0192-1","article-title":"Parkinsonism following striatal infarcts: incidence in a prospective stroke unit cohort","volume":"111","author":"Peralta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.10.021","article-title":"Levodopa-responsive parkinsonism following bilateral putaminal hemorrhages","volume":"19","author":"Hatano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.018309","article-title":"The L-dopa response in vascular parkinsonism","volume":"75","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.10.018","article-title":"Anterior cingulate cortex as an element of a possible novel motor circuit of the basal ganglia","volume":"46","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.05.013","article-title":"Clinical symptoms of bilateral anterior cerebral artery territory infarction","volume":"18","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.1.98","article-title":"Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism","volume":"56","author":"Winikates","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.12.030","article-title":"An updated diagnostic approach to subtype definition of vascular parkinsonism - recommendations from an expert working group","volume":"49","author":"Rektor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26263","article-title":"Vascular parkinsonism: deconstructing a syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Vizcarra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100609","article-title":"Parkinsonism and dilatation of the perivascular spaces (etat crible) of the striatum: a clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and pathological study","volume":"10","author":"Fenelon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000261483.49248.b8","article-title":"Parkinsonism associated with striatal perivascular space dilation","volume":"68","author":"Duker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.286","article-title":"Swiss cheese striatum: clinical implications","volume":"71","author":"Burnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00075-1","article-title":"Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) presenting progressive dementia and parkinsonism","volume":"165","author":"Matsuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000235","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula with sinus thrombosis and venous reflux presenting as parkinsonism: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9005","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009005","article-title":"Straight sinus dural arteriovenous fistula presenting with reversible parkinsonism: a case report and literature review","volume":"96","author":"Pu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00955.x","article-title":"Parkinsonism as an initial manifestation of dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.15021","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula-associated reversible parkinsonism with presynaptic dopaminergic loss","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13415","article-title":"Neuroimaging pearls from the MDS congress video challenge. Part 2: acquired disorders","volume":"9","author":"Fearon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(02)00620-3","article-title":"Parkinsonism as an unusual presenting symptom of pineal gland teratoma","volume":"28","author":"Dolendo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02337016","article-title":"Parkinsonian syndrome in the course of aqueductal stenosis hydrocephalus","volume":"9","author":"Cantini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ital J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870010108","article-title":"Parkinsonism and acquired hydrocephalus","volume":"1","author":"Jankovic","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.5.657","article-title":"Parkinsonism associated with obstructive hydrocephalus due to idiopathic aqueductal stenosis","volume":"64","author":"Zeidler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.189203","article-title":"Secondary parkinsonism induced by hydrocephalus after subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_629_2021","article-title":"Parkinsonism secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a patient with hydrocephalus","volume":"12","author":"Da Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200994","article-title":"Teaching video NeuroImage: reversible parkinsonism caused by Lumboperitoneal shunt Overdrainage","volume":"99","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20901","article-title":"Levodopa-responsive parkinsonism associated with hydrocephalus","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120019","article-title":"Parkinsonism and cerebrospinal fluid disorders","volume":"433","author":"Youn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196507152730301","article-title":"Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \u201cnormal\u201d cerebrospinal-fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome","volume":"273","author":"Adams","year":"1965","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25046","article-title":"Deconstructing normal pressure hydrocephalus: Ventriculomegaly as early sign of neurodegeneration","volume":"82","author":"Espay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051265","article-title":"Imaging markers for Normal pressure hydrocephalus: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Pyrgelis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.11.3.297","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: significance of MRI in a potentially treatable dementia","volume":"11","author":"Hurley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: new concepts on etiology and diagnosis","volume":"21","author":"Bradley","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642015DN94000350","article-title":"Neuroimaging in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"9","author":"Damasceno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06119-3","article-title":"Parkinsonism in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: is it time for defining a clinical tetrad?","volume":"43","author":"Mostile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1964.21.2.0104","article-title":"Parkinsonism produced by parasagittal Meningiomas","volume":"21","author":"Nicholson","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(85)90161-2","article-title":"Parkinsonism as a manifestation of brain tumor","volume":"23","author":"Polyzoidis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.7.653","article-title":"Ipsilateral hemi-parkinsonism secondary to an astrocytoma","volume":"54","author":"Kulali","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)90754-8","article-title":"Parkinsonism due to midbrain compression","volume":"2","author":"Oliver","year":"1959","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001055","DOI":"10.12890\/2019_001055","article-title":"Secondary parkinsonism due to a large anterior cranial Fossa meningioma","volume":"6","author":"Al-Janabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Int Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-4-218","article-title":"Parkinsonism secondary to metastatic lesions within the central nervous system: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Hortelano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"219","article-title":"Cortical tumor presenting with parkinsonism","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666231156589","article-title":"Initial diagnosis and Management of Acutely Elevated Intracranial Pressure","volume":"38","author":"Kareemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01404943","article-title":"Parkinsonism and rest tremor secondary to supratentorial tumours sparing the basal ganglia","volume":"133","author":"Krauss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.51.3.144","article-title":"Astrocytoma in the third ventricle and hypothalamus presenting with parkinsonism","volume":"51","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00042-4","article-title":"Hemiparkinsonism associated with a mesencephalic tumor","volume":"197","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_595_2020","article-title":"Parkinsonism reversed from treatment of pineal non-germinomatous germ cell tumor","volume":"12","author":"Cole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.10.021","article-title":"Secondary parkinsonism in childhood: a rare complication after radiotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Voermans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.10111","article-title":"Secondary parkinsonism: an unusual late complication of craniospinal radiotherapy given to a 16-month child","volume":"40","author":"Skiming","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Pediatr Oncol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.900537","article-title":"Three cases of levodopa-resistant parkinsonism after radiation therapy","volume":"17","author":"Mehanna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00818-2","article-title":"A review of movement disorders in chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390326","article-title":"Cytosine arabinoside and amphotericin B-induced parkinsonism","volume":"39","author":"Kulkantrakorn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680609900223","article-title":"Bilateral chronic subdural haematoma: a reversible cause of parkinsonism","volume":"99","author":"Suman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.36.99","article-title":"Parkinsonism due to chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"36","author":"Sunada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106826","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma-induced parkinsonism: a systematic review","volume":"208","author":"Fahmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050371","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematomas and parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"141","author":"Wiest","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"873","article-title":"Parkinsonism secondary to chronic subdural hematoma. A case report","volume":"58","author":"Sugie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.379","article-title":"Recent updates on acquired Hepatocerebral degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21096","article-title":"Reversible parkinsonism and T1W pallidal hyperintensities in acute liver failure","volume":"21","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1624","article-title":"A prospective study of the prevalence of parkinsonism in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"5","author":"Apetauerova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25503","article-title":"Lentiform fork sign and fluctuating, reversible parkinsonism in a patient with uremic encephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"Fabiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.6.622","article-title":"A prospective study of patients with CT detected pallidal calcifications","volume":"56","author":"Fenelon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01010.x","article-title":"Prevalence of CT-detected cerebral abnormalities in an elderly Swedish population sample","volume":"118","author":"Simoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Primary familial brain calcification","volume-title":"GeneReviews(\u00ae).","author":"Ramos","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11650-0","article-title":"The clinical and genetic spectrum of primary familial brain calcification","volume":"270","author":"Carecchio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106514","article-title":"Fahr's syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism revisited: a case of parkinsonism and a review of all published cases","volume":"202","author":"Kalampokini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12571","article-title":"Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01221.x","article-title":"The corticobasal syndrome triggered by central pontine myelinolysis","volume":"13","author":"Shamim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13250","article-title":"The Spectrum of movement disorders in cases with osmotic demyelination syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Sindhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Move Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10331","article-title":"Decreased striatal dopamine transporter binding in a patient with extrapontine myelinolysis","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.1.119","article-title":"Parkinsonism and dystonia in central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis","volume":"65","author":"Seiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.1.87-a","article-title":"Pontine myelinolysis presenting with acute parkinsonism as a sequel of corrected hyponatraemia","volume":"53","author":"Tinker","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000116900","article-title":"Extrapyramidal syndrome responsive to dopaminergic treatment following recovery from central pontine myelinolysis","volume":"33","author":"Sadeh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22644","article-title":"Normal diffusion-weighted MR imaging predicts a good prognosis in extrapontine myelinolysis-induced parkinsonism","volume":"24","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132812Y.0000000009","article-title":"More often striatal myelinolysis than pontine? A consecutive series of patients with osmotic demyelination syndrome","volume":"34","author":"de Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000435297.80023.9e","article-title":"Isolated bipallidal lesions caused by extrapontine myelinolysis","volume":"81","author":"Floris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2010-0531","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: pathophysiology, neuropathology and mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Busl","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.4.591","article-title":"Postanoxic parkinsonism: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.314","article-title":"Time course of postanoxic akinetic-rigid and dystonic syndromes","volume":"43","author":"Bhatt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03140-w","article-title":"Double trouble: methanol outbreak in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran-a cross-sectional assessment","volume":"24","author":"Hassanian-Moghaddam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25049","article-title":"Nigrostriatal pathway dysfunction in a methanol-induced delayed dystonia-parkinsonism","volume":"27","author":"Franquet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-007-0210-8","article-title":"Methanol poisoning: acute MR and CT findings in nine patients","volume":"49","author":"Sefidbakht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70217-6","article-title":"Basal ganglia neurotoxins","volume":"18","author":"Albin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090508","article-title":"Neurological sequelae following carbon monoxide poisoning clinical course and outcome according to the clinical types and brain computed tomography scan findings","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.4618","article-title":"Acute brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and delayed neurological sequelae in carbon monoxide poisoning","volume":"75","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.1.142","article-title":"Cyanide-induced parkinsonism: clinical, MRI, and 6-fluorodopa PET studies","volume":"39","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.6.921","article-title":"Cyanide-induced parkinsonism: a clinicopathologic report","volume":"35","author":"Uitti","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.07.013","article-title":"Cyanide-induced akinetic rigid syndrome: clinical, MRI, FDG-PET, beta-CIT and HMPAO SPECT findings","volume":"11","author":"Zaknun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-194504040-00002","article-title":"Degeneration of the basal ganglia in monkeys from chronic carbon disulfide poisoning","volume":"4","author":"Richter","year":"1945","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.10.925","article-title":"Lesions of basal ganglia due to disulfiram neurotoxicity","volume":"55","author":"Laplane","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-020-04216-8","article-title":"Disulfiram: a novel repurposed drug for cancer therapy","volume":"87","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.2.128","article-title":"Chronic manganese poisoning","volume":"17","author":"Mena","year":"1967","journal-title":"Clin Picture Manganese Turnover Neurol"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90735-7","article-title":"Manganese toxicity in children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition","volume":"347","author":"Fell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/87551225211023686","article-title":"Manganese toxicity associated with total parenteral nutrition: a review","volume":"37","author":"Reinert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Technol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072488","article-title":"A parkinsonian syndrome in methcathinone users and the role of manganese","volume":"358","author":"Stepens","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00654","article-title":"Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: new insights into the triad of protein Misfolding, mitochondrial impairment, and Neuroinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Harischandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.12.1.21","article-title":"Manganese poisoning in Moroccan miners","volume":"12","author":"Rodier","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.20123","article-title":"Manganese and Movement Disorders: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Kulshreshtha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197001012820102","article-title":"Modification of chronic manganese poisoning. Treatment with L-dopa or 5-OH tryptophane","volume":"282","author":"Mena","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7519","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707519","article-title":"Manganese-induced parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease: shared and distinguishable features","volume":"12","author":"Kwakye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113726.34734.15","article-title":"Effect of levodopa treatment for parkinsonism in welders: a double-blind study","volume":"62","author":"Koller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-179006","article-title":"The MPTP story","volume":"7","author":"Langston","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250230.86581.ea","article-title":"Acute parkinsonism with corresponding lesions in the basal ganglia after heroin abuse","volume":"68","author":"M\u00e4tzler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.12659\/PJR.901791","article-title":"Toxins in brain! Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of toxic leukoencephalopathy - a pictorial essay","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol J Radiol"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.10.022","article-title":"Toxic leukoencephalopathy with extrapyramidal dysfunction due to synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"58","author":"Amar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.07.007","article-title":"Severe dopaminergic pathways damage in a case of chronic toluene abuse","volume":"111","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00838449","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis and parkinsonism","volume":"240","author":"Shoji","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.11.007","article-title":"Clinical and radiological spectrum of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"325","author":"Basumatary","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00318-4","article-title":"Comparison of CT scan and MRI findings in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"174","author":"Kalita","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1781","article-title":"Parkinsonism due to predominant involvement of substantia nigra in Japanese encephalitis","volume":"53","author":"Pradhan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.0337-17","article-title":"A Japanese encephalitis patient presenting with parkinsonism with corresponding laterality of magnetic resonance and dopamine transporter imaging findings","volume":"57","author":"Tadokoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020606","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and outcomes of West Nile virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Sejvar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.4.511","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection","volume":"290","author":"Sejvar","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02536-y","article-title":"Viruses, parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease: the past, present and future","volume":"129","author":"Leta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105774","article-title":"A review of movement disorders in persons living with HIV","volume":"114","author":"Amod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa609","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related encephalitis: the ENCOVID multicenter study","volume":"223","author":"Pilotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5<1023::AID-MDS1045>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Bilateral striatal necrosis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in an adolescent: clinical and neuroradiologic follow up","volume":"15","author":"Zambrino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2004.03.010","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of an adolescent who had bilateral striatal necrosis secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"27","author":"Termine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100419","article-title":"Reversible parkinsonism and dystonia following probable Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3243-5","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1 genotypes in children","volume":"37","author":"Rodman Berlot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.06.009","article-title":"Parkinsonism and other movement disorders in 23 cases of neurocysticercosis","volume":"42","author":"Alarcon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.03.001","article-title":"Movement disorders and AIDS: a review","volume":"10","author":"Tse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13631","article-title":"Presynaptic Hemiparkinsonism following cerebral toxoplasmosis: case report and literature review","volume":"10","author":"Malaquias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870030312","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis with parkinsonian features","volume":"3","author":"Wszolek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20789","article-title":"Parkinsonism associated with basal ganglia cryptococcal abscesses in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"21","author":"Camargos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.10.015","article-title":"Bilateral striatal lesion due to herpesvirus-6 infection","volume":"358","author":"Cury","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.01.043","article-title":"Cyclosporine a induced dystonia-parkinsonism","volume":"375","author":"Miklavcic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200005)47:5<575::AID-ANA4>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Diagnosis of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"47","author":"Will","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2019.18.4.152","article-title":"A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presented as rapid progressive parkinsonism","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement Neurocogn Disord"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.10.004","article-title":"Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review","volume":"12","author":"Malt\u00eate","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160075","article-title":"Imaging of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: imaging patterns and their differential diagnosis","volume":"37","author":"Fragoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref150","first-page":"1560","article-title":"Diagnosing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with the pulvinar sign: MR imaging findings in 86 neuropathologically confirmed cases","volume":"24","author":"Collie","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.04.015","article-title":"Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes","volume":"36","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000699","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and diagnostic pitfalls of neurologic syndromes with Ri antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Simard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.3.310","article-title":"Severe paraneoplastic parkinsonism: a rare cause revealing breast Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Nabil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh203","article-title":"Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis","volume":"127","author":"Dalmau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311569","article-title":"Severe parkinsonism associated with anti-CRMP5 antibody-positive paraneoplastic neurological syndrome and abnormal signal intensity in the bilateral basal ganglia","volume":"87","author":"Tada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10518","article-title":"Anti-neuronal nuclear autoantibody type 2: paraneoplastic accompaniments","volume":"53","author":"Pittock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12370","article-title":"Paraneoplastic atypical parkinsonism with anti-CRMP5 antibodies and severe caudate and Putaminal Hypometabolism on 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography of the brain","volume":"4","author":"Yap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx189","article-title":"Movement disorders with neuronal antibodies: syndromic approach, genetic parallels and pathophysiology","volume":"141","author":"Balint","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21314","article-title":"Severe hypokinesis caused by paraneoplastic anti-Ma2 encephalitis associated with bilateral intratubular germ-cell neoplasm of the testes","volume":"22","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.6.767","article-title":"REM sleep behavior disorder and narcoleptic features in anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis","volume":"30","author":"Compta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25999","article-title":"Movement disorders in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and other autoimmune encephalopathies","volume":"29","author":"Mohammad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.12.002","article-title":"NMDAR encephalitis presenting as akinesia in a patient with Parkinson disease","volume":"328","author":"Gastaldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-022-02018-8","article-title":"Autoimmune parkinsonism with faciobrachiocrural dystonic seizures: a new phenotype of leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) autoimmunity","volume":"122","author":"Sasikumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-022-02124-7","article-title":"Anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody autoimmune encephalitis with rapidly progressive parkinsonism: a case report and literature review","volume":"123","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618109","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.618109","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis and their clinical relevance: a single-center study in China","volume":"11","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5593","article-title":"Brain MRI characteristics of patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis and their associations with 2-year clinical outcome","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1367","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012639","article-title":"Frequency and characterization of movement disorders in anti-IgLON5 disease","volume":"97","author":"Gaig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.03.041","article-title":"Atypical brain MRI findings in a patient with treatment responsive anti-IgLON5 disease","volume":"19","author":"Zandiehvakili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2019.10.015","article-title":"Parkinsonism in autoimmune diseases","volume":"149","author":"Barba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2012.03.010","article-title":"Parkinsonism as first manifestation of lupus","volume":"168","author":"Lachhab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1844-z","article-title":"Acute parkinsonism as first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus unmasked by CMV infection","volume":"35","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/367185","article-title":"Diffuse leukoencephalopathy and subacute parkinsonism as an early manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2013","author":"Tse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199903)14:2<262::AID-MDS1011>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Parkinsonism associated with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: three cases and a review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Walker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512445942","article-title":"Primary progressive multiple sclerosis developing in the context of young onset Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"Sadnicka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2020.100055","article-title":"Parkinson's disease in a patient with multiple sclerosis and heterozygous glucocerebrosidase gene mutation","volume":"3","author":"Delalic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10317","article-title":"Parkinsonism as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Folgar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1<122::AID-MDS1020>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Parkinsonism after a wasp sting","volume":"14","author":"Leopold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref178","first-page":"3725","article-title":"Pallidostriatal necrosis after Hymenoptera sting. Parkinsonian syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Minault","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nouv Presse Med"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100013","article-title":"Two cases of rapid onset Parkinson's syndrome following toxic ingestion of ethylene glycol and methanol","volume":"81","author":"Reddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.04.039","article-title":"Delayed parkinsonism after acute chorea due to non-ketotic hyperglycemia","volume":"354","author":"Teodoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.01.002","article-title":"Hypoglycemia-induced parkinsonism with vasogenic basal ganglia lesion","volume":"49","author":"Gil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100010209","article-title":"Substantia nigra and Parkinson's disease: a brief history of their long and intimate relationship","volume":"37","author":"Parent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy161","article-title":"Localizing parkinsonism based on focal brain lesions","volume":"141","author":"Joutsa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.16.4.213","article-title":"The brain-stem lesions in parkinsonism","volume":"16","author":"Greenfield","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.4.859","article-title":"The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man","volume":"117","author":"Bhatia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0b013e31812503cf","article-title":"The neuropathology of manganese-induced parkinsonism","volume":"66","author":"Perl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090502","article-title":"Movement disorders following lesions of the thalamus or subthalamic region","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000490070","article-title":"Post-thalamic stroke movement disorders: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.16005","article-title":"Movement disorders following cerebrovascular lesion in the basal ganglia circuit","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.06.016","article-title":"Disappearance of resting tremor after thalamic stroke involving the territory of the tuberothalamic artery","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20579","article-title":"Dynamical consequences of lesions in cortical networks","volume":"29","author":"Honey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu101","article-title":"Diaschisis: past, present, future","volume":"137","author":"Carrera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24845","article-title":"Lesions causing freezing of gait localize to a cerebellar functional network","volume":"81","author":"Fasano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1438885\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T04:39:39Z","timestamp":1725424779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1438885\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"references-count":193,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1438885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1438885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"article-number":"1438885"}}