{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:56:45Z","timestamp":1787738205793,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spasticity is a known complication to the hemiplegic shoulder following acquired brain injury. However, there is a current discrepancy between the diagnosis of arm spasticity and the subsequent assessment and treatment of spasticity in people with shoulder involvement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>An expert panel aimed to establish a consensus and provide a simple structured approach to identifying and assessing people with spasticity of the hemiplegic shoulder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A consensus group of six spasticity experts were interviewed individually via 1-h video calls to ascertain how they assess people with arm spasticity for shoulder involvement. During an in-person meeting in March 2023, a consensus-building process was used to discuss four topics: a checklist\/tool to identify shoulder involvement in upper limb spasticity, measurements\/scales for assessing shoulder spasticity, \u2018red flags\u2019 for other conditions affecting the shoulder, and assessment limitations and practicalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Where there was full agreement on a topic, recommendations to overcome challenges for initial and ongoing assessment of shoulder spasticity and goal-setting were developed, and categorized as Posture, Purposeful activity and Pain (\u2018the three Ps\u2019). Posture should be observed when sitting and walking, as appropriate for the person, and compared to published shoulder spasticity patterns. Purposeful activity should be assessed using a systematic approach. The presence and nature of shoulder pain should be ascertained. Recommendations on impairment- and function-related measures are given.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This consensus guidance provides practical recommendations on identifying shoulder spasticity to support clinicians in their management of people with neurological shoulder dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1440955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T14:28:52Z","timestamp":1737642532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A concise practical clinical guide to identifying spasticity in neurological shoulder dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Damon","family":"Hoad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ashford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Bavikatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Wissel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.06.007","article-title":"Hemiplegic shoulder pain","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000496","article-title":"Hemiplegic shoulder pain reduces quality of life after acute stroke: a prospective population-based study","volume":"95","author":"Adey-Wakeling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr612oa","article-title":"Shoulder pain in people with a stroke: a population-based study","volume":"17","author":"Ratnasabapathy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000254598.16739.4e","article-title":"Shoulder pain after stroke: a prospective population-based study","volume":"38","author":"Lindgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"485","article-title":"Symposium synopsis","volume-title":"Spasticity: disordered motor control","author":"Lance","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.10.004","article-title":"The neurophysiology of deforming spastic paresis: a revised taxonomy","volume":"62","author":"Baude","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014576","article-title":"Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement","volume":"27","author":"Pandyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"The cerebral control of movement","author":"Denny-Brown","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.10.023","article-title":"On Denny-Brown\u2019s \u2018spastic dystonia\u2019 - what is it and what causes it?","volume":"129","author":"Lorentzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20284","article-title":"Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. 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