{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:09:28Z","timestamp":1791839368404,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) even in the mild form may result in long-lasting post-concussion symptoms. TBI is also a known risk to late-life neurodegeneration. Recent studies suggest that dysfunction in the glymphatic system, responsible for clearing protein waste from the brain, may play a pivotal role in the development of dementia following TBI. Given the diverse nature of TBI, longitudinal investigations are essential to comprehending the dynamic changes in the glymphatic system and its implications for recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective study, we evaluated two promising glymphatic imaging markers, namely the enlarged perivascular space (ePVS) burden and Diffusion Tensor Imaging-based ALPS index, in 44 patients with mTBI at two early post-injury time points: approximately 14\u2009days (14Day) and 6\u201312\u2009months (6\u201312Mon) post-injury, while also examining their associations with post-concussion symptoms. Additionally, 37 controls, comprising both orthopedic patients and healthy individuals, were included for comparative analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our key findings include: (1) White matter ePVS burden (WM-ePVS) and ALPS index exhibit significant correlations with age. (2) Elevated WM-ePVS burden in acute mTBI (14Day) is significantly linked to a higher number of post-concussion symptoms, particularly memory problems. (3) The increase in the ALPS index from acute (14Day) to the chronic (6\u201312Mon) phases in mTBI patients correlates with improvement in sleep measures. Furthermore, incorporating WM-ePVS burden and the ALPS index from acute phase enhances the prediction of chronic memory problems beyond socio-demographic and basic clinical information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ePVS burden and ALPS index offers distinct values in assessing glymphatic structure and activity. Early evaluation of glymphatic function could be crucial for understanding TBI recovery and developing targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1443496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:51:59Z","timestamp":1722991919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Longitudinal assessment of glymphatic changes following mild traumatic brain injury: Insights from perivascular space burden and DTI-ALPS imaging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiachen","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Roys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosy Linda","family":"Njonkou Tchoquessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hegang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emerson M.","family":"Wickwire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunjan Y.","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary T.","family":"Schwartzbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Grattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rao P.","family":"Gullapalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Badjatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"21","author":"Maas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023859","article-title":"Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO collaborating Centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med Suppl"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-014-9295-y","article-title":"Associations between interhemispheric functional connectivity and the automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM) in civilian mild TBI","volume":"9","author":"Sours","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00095-7","article-title":"Decreased grey matter volume in mTBI patients with post-traumatic headache compared to headache-free mTBI patients and healthy controls: a longitudinal MRI study","volume":"14","author":"Burrowes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2021.1906445","article-title":"Early stage longitudinal subcortical volumetric changes following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"35","author":"Zhuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221119288","article-title":"Persistent neuroinflammation and behavioural deficits after single mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"42","author":"Drieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.12.009","article-title":"MR imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury with persistent neurological impairment","volume":"37","author":"Trifan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.02.040","article-title":"Single mild traumatic brain injury results in transiently impaired spatial long-term memory and altered search strategies","volume":"365","author":"Marschner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91014-J","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury produces impairments in long-term and recent memory","volume":"614","author":"Gorman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0348","article-title":"Symptom frequency and persistence in the first year after traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study","volume":"39","author":"Machamer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009290","article-title":"Head injury and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease by apolipoprotein E genotype","volume":"146","author":"O'Meara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.7.857","article-title":"Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the evidence 10 years on; a partial replication","volume":"74","author":"Fleminger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169650","article-title":"Head injury as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of 32 observational studies","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.05.025","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and risk of neurodegenerative disorder","volume":"91","author":"Brett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8739","article-title":"Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia","volume":"370","author":"Nedergaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30318-1","article-title":"The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","article-title":"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2","volume":"4","author":"Iliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240514","article-title":"Neuroscience. Garbage truck of the brain","volume":"340","author":"Nedergaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000490349","article-title":"The Glymphatic system and waste clearance with brain aging: a review","volume":"65","author":"Benveniste","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110868","article-title":"The sleeping brain: harnessing the power of the Glymphatic system through lifestyle choices","volume":"10","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3020-14.2014","article-title":"Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Iliff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1038\/S41380-023-02070-7","article-title":"The glymphatic system\u2019s role in traumatic brain injury-related neurodegeneration","volume":"28","author":"Peters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73151-8","article-title":"Improvement of glymphatic-lymphatic drainage of beta-amyloid by focused ultrasound in Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13823","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.13823","article-title":"Osteopathic manipulative treatment to optimize the Glymphatic environment in severe traumatic brain injury measured with optic nerve sheath diameter, intracranial pressure monitoring, and neurological pupil index","volume":"13","author":"Kashyap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2016.036","article-title":"Resolution of concussion symptoms after osteopathic manipulative treatment: a Case report","volume":"116","author":"Guernsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147063","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147063","article-title":"Clinical application of intrathecal gadobutrol for assessment of cerebrospinal fluid tracer clearance to blood","volume":"6","author":"Eide","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx191","article-title":"Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"140","author":"Ringstad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5132","DOI":"10.1002\/NBM.5132","article-title":"Clinical magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of glymphatic function","author":"Boyd","year":"2024","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021202043","article-title":"Current concepts in intracranial interstitial fluid transport and the Glymphatic system: part I-anatomy and physiology","volume":"301","author":"Klostranec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0343-6","article-title":"Imaging the perivascular space as a potential biomarker of neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"36","author":"Ramirez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48910-x","article-title":"Image processing approaches to enhance perivascular space visibility and quantification using MRI","volume":"9","author":"Sepehrband","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-017-0617-z","article-title":"Evaluation of glymphatic system activity with the diffusion MR technique: diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease cases","volume":"35","author":"Taoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220315","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220315","article-title":"Evaluation of glymphatic system activity by diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in dementia patients","volume":"96","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0312-z","article-title":"Perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology","volume":"16","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2366","article-title":"Frequency and location of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in elderly people: a population-based 3D MR imaging study","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019830321","article-title":"Perivascular spaces and their associations with risk factors, clinical disorders and neuroimaging features: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Francis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18791632","article-title":"Effects of traumatic brain injury on sleep and enlarged perivascular spaces","volume":"39","author":"Opel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7447","article-title":"Link between mild traumatic brain injury, poor sleep, and magnetic resonance imaging: visible perivascular spaces in veterans","volume":"38","author":"Piantino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10439-024-03468-2","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury and career stage associate with visible perivascular spaces in special operations forces soldiers","author":"Powell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100378","article-title":"High degree of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces on MRI is associated with increased risk of dementia","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12218","article-title":"White matter changes in dementia: role of impaired drainage of interstitial fluid","volume":"25","author":"Weller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4726","article-title":"Virchow-Robin spaces: correlations with polysomnography-derived sleep parameters","volume":"38","author":"Berezuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.09.024","article-title":"Effects of sleep on brain perivascular space in a cognitively healthy population","volume":"111","author":"Shih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0082","article-title":"Automatic quantification of enlarged perivascular space in patients with traumatic brain injury using super-resolution of T2-weighted images","volume":"41","author":"Zhuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.04.004","article-title":"Association of Cognition and Brain Reserve in aging and Glymphatic function using diffusion tensor image-along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS)","volume":"524","author":"Hsiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.12.013","article-title":"Glymphatic system dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea evidenced by DTI-ALPS","volume":"89","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13573","article-title":"Glymphatic dysfunction in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder","volume":"145","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220534","article-title":"Relationships between the deposition of amyloid-\u03b2 and tau protein and Glymphatic system activity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: diffusion tensor image study","volume":"90","author":"Ota","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13557","article-title":"Gray matter reserve determines glymphatic system function in young-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease: evidenced by DTI-ALPS and compared with age-matched controls","volume":"77","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03073-x","article-title":"Glymphatic system evaluation using diffusion tensor imaging in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcad134","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad134","article-title":"Glymphatic clearance estimated using diffusion tensor imaging along perivascular spaces is reduced after traumatic brain injury and correlates with plasma neurofilament light, a biomarker of injury severity","volume":"5","author":"Butler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28797","article-title":"Associations of MRI-derived Glymphatic system impairment with global white matter damage and cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury: a DTI-ALPS study","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148878","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1148878","article-title":"Increased glymphatic system activity in patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02284-4","article-title":"Prognostic factors for persistent symptoms in adults with mild traumatic brain injury: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"12","author":"D\u00e9ry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141072","article-title":"Permanent post concussion symptoms after mild head injury: a systematic review of age and gender factors","volume":"34","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Rehabil."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868811","article-title":"The Rivermead post concussion symptoms questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability","volume":"242","author":"King","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsy147","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy147","article-title":"Poor sleep is linked to impeded recovery from traumatic brain injury","volume":"41","author":"Kalmbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2022.0004","article-title":"Association between sleep disturbances at subacute stage of mild traumatic brain injury and long-term outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127","article-title":"The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the human connectome project","volume":"80","author":"Glasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137","article-title":"MRtrix3: a fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation","volume":"202","author":"Tournier","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016","article-title":"Denoising of diffusion MRI using random matrix theory","volume":"142","author":"Veraart","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","article-title":"An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging","volume":"125","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2046908","article-title":"N4ITK: improved N3 bias correction","volume":"29","author":"Tustison","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.07.050","article-title":"Diffusion kurtosis as an in vivo imaging marker for reactive astrogliosis in traumatic brain injury","volume":"59","author":"Zhuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.947628","article-title":"A longitudinal evaluation of diffusion kurtosis imaging in patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Stokum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-022-01370-2","article-title":"Improved reproducibility of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index: an analysis of reorientation technique of the OASIS-3 dataset","volume":"41","author":"Tatekawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","article-title":"Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain","volume":"12","author":"Avants","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"719","article-title":"Dilated perivascular spaces: hallmarks of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Inglese","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207370","article-title":"Associations of enlarged perivascular spaces with brain lesions, brain age, and clinical outcomes in chronic traumatic brain injury","volume":"101","author":"Hicks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921203","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.921203","article-title":"MRI-visible perivascular spaces associated with cognitive impairment in military veterans with traumatic brain injury mediated by CSF P-tau","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038011","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1038011","article-title":"The etiology and evolution of magnetic resonance imaging-visible perivascular spaces: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Okar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833702","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.833702","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia independently related to gait disturbances in older people with cerebral small vessel diseases","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00155-0","article-title":"The role of brain perivascular space burden in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0799-4","article-title":"Linking traumatic brain injury, sleep disruption and post-traumatic headache: a potential role for Glymphatic pathway dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Piantino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.06.025","article-title":"The bidirectional link between sleep disturbances and traumatic brain injury symptoms: a role for Glymphatic dysfunction?","volume":"91","author":"Piantino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0429-3","article-title":"Sleep, sleep disorders, and mild traumatic brain injury. What we know and what we need to know: findings from a National Working Group","volume":"13","author":"Wickwire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1089\/NEU.2023.0009","article-title":"Association between insomnia and mental health and neurocognitive outcomes following traumatic brain injury","volume":"40","author":"Wickwire","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5243","article-title":"Sleep, sleep disorders, and circadian health following mild traumatic brain injury in adults: review and research agenda","volume":"35","author":"Wickwire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"49","article-title":"Sleep disturbances precede depressive symptomatology following traumatic brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Wickwire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad086","article-title":"The aging of glymphatic system in human brain and its correlation with brain charts and neuropsychological functioning","volume":"33","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120009","article-title":"Brain perivascular space imaging across the human lifespan","volume":"271","author":"Lynch","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19781-5","article-title":"Perivascular spaces segmentation in brain MRI using optimal 3D filtering","volume":"8","author":"Ballerini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1443496\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:52:02Z","timestamp":1722991922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1443496\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1443496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1443496","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.06.01.24307927","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"article-number":"1443496"}}