{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:59:22Z","timestamp":1790272762561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Down syndrome (DS) is associated with difficulties with feeding during infancy and childhood. Weaning, or transitioning from nursing to independent deglutition, requires developmental progression in tongue function. However, little is known about whether postnatal tongue muscle maturation is impacted in DS. This study tested the hypothesis that the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS has developmental delays in deglutition, comprised of differences in eating and drinking behaviors relative to euploid controls, coinciding with atypical measures of intrinsic tongue muscle microanatomy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS and euploid controls were evaluated at 7\u202fdays of age (p7; nursing), p21 (weaning), and p35 (mature deglutition) (n\u202f=\u202f13\u201318 mice per group). Eating behavior, drinking behavior, and body weight changes were quantified in p21 and p35 mice through the use of automated monitoring over 24\u202fh. Intrinsic tongues of mice at all three ages were sectioned and stained to permit quantification of the sizes of the four major intrinsic tongue muscles. Transverse intrinsic tongue muscles were evaluated for myofiber size (average myofiber cross sectional area (CSA) of all fibers, MyHC2a fibers, MyHC 2b fibers, and minimum Feret fiber diameter), and percentage of MyHC isoforms (%MyHC2a\u202f+\u202ffibers, and %MyHC 2b\u202f+\u202ffibers) in anterior, middle, and posterior regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ts65Dn showed significant differences from euploid in deglutition measures. Compared to euploid, Ts65Dn also showed differences in intrinsic tongue muscle microanatomy and biology. Specifically, Ts65Dn intrinsic tongues had smaller transverse muscle myofiber size measures than control in the anterior and middle tongue, but not in the posterior tongue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differences in intrinsic tongue muscles coincide with feeding phenotypes in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1461682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1733893941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Developmental deglutition and intrinsic tongue muscle maturation phenotypes in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tiffany J.","family":"Glass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin 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