{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:22:54Z","timestamp":1784046174716,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Localization of the epileptic seizure onset zone (SOZ) as a step in presurgical planning leads to higher efficiency in surgical and stimulation treatments. However, the clinical localization procedure is a difficult, long procedure with increasing challenges in patients with complex epileptic foci. The interictal methods have been proposed to assist in presurgical planning with simpler procedures for data acquisition and higher speeds. In this study, spatio-temporal component classification (STCC) is presented for the localization of epileptic foci using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. This method is based on spatio-temporal independent component analysis (ST-ICA) on rs-fMRI data with a component-sorting procedure based on the dominant power frequency, biophysical constraints, spatial lateralization, local connectivity, temporal energy, and functional non-Gaussianity. STCC was evaluated in 13 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent surgical resection and had seizure-free surgical outcomes after a 12-month follow-up. The results showed promising accuracy, highlighting valuable features that serve as SOZ functional biomarkers. Unlike most presented methods, which depend on simultaneous EEG information, the occurrence of epileptic spikes, and the depth of the epileptic foci, the presented method is entirely based on fMRI data making it independent of such information, simpler to use in terms of data acquisition and artifact removal, and considerably easier to implement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1515484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T14:24:01Z","timestamp":1749219841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatio-temporal independent component classification for localization of seizure onset zone"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Seyyed Mostafa","family":"Sadjadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Ebrahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Fallahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jafar Mehvari","family":"Habibabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Reza","family":"Nazem-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Soltanian-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17426","article-title":"Resective epilepsy surgery for drug-resistant focal epilepsy: a review","volume":"313","author":"Jobst","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x","article-title":"Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)","volume":"46","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70108-X","article-title":"Intractable epilepsy: management and therapeutic alternatives","volume":"7","author":"Schuele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000528","article-title":"The current place of epilepsy surgery","volume":"31","author":"Engel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4524707","article-title":"Effectiveness of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) on DLPFC for enhancing cognitive function in healthy adults: a review","author":"Asgarinejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Available SSRN 4524707"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2023.111764","article-title":"Non-linear processing and reinforcement learning to predict rTMS treatment response in depression","volume":"337","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimag."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919977","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2023.919977","article-title":"Machine learning approaches and non-linear processing of extracted components in frontal region to predict rTMS treatment response in major depressive disorder","volume":"17","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150048","DOI":"10.4015\/S1016237221500484","article-title":"Predicting clinical response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression using time-frequency eeg signal processing","volume":"33","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Appl Basis Commun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-023-02968-y","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a tool for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults: a review study","volume":"62","author":"Asgarinejad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-024-10195-w","article-title":"Neuroenhancement by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on DLPFC in healthy adults","volume":"19","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cogn Neurodyn"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cTime-frequency analysis in EEG for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder Using rTMS\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility APEMC 2021.","author":"Nikravan","year":"2021"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.934266","article-title":"Simultaneous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of human brain function","volume":"16","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001068","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity in seizure onset zones revealed by fMRI intrinsic connectivity","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100919","article-title":"Localizing the epileptogenic zone with novel biomarkers","volume":"39","author":"Papadelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17714.1","article-title":"Presurgical epilepsy evaluation and epilepsy surgery","volume":"8","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2633200","article-title":"The concept of effective inflow: application to interictal localization of the epileptogenic focus from iEEG","volume":"64","author":"Vlachos","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1683","article-title":"Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy","volume":"124","author":"Rosenow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"609","article-title":"Outcome with respect to epileptic seizures","author":"Engel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surg Treat Epilepsies"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.645594","article-title":"Localization of epileptic foci based on simultaneous EEG\u2013fMRI Data","volume":"12","author":"Sadjadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.36811\/ijbm.2019.110017","article-title":"Simultaneous EEG-fMRI: a multimodality approach to localize the seizure onset zone in patients with epilepsy","volume":"1","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e666","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005998","article-title":"The spike onset zone: the region where epileptic spikes start and from where they propagate","volume":"91","author":"Khoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.11.019","article-title":"EEG-fMRI study of the interictal epileptic activity in patients with partial epilepsy","volume":"268","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm141","article-title":"EEG-fMRI in the preoperative work-up for epilepsy surgery","volume":"130","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0738","article-title":"EEG-fMRI in the presurgical work-up of patients with partial epilepsy and unclear seizure focus: Commentary","volume":"4","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01509.x","article-title":"Epileptic networks studied with EEG-fMRI","volume":"49","author":"Gotman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00951.x","article-title":"EEG-fMRI in children with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy","volume":"48","author":"De Ti\u00e8ge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S47099","article-title":"Presurgical EEG-fMRI in a complex clinical case with seizure recurrence after epilepsy surgery","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"135","article-title":"Localizing epileptic focus through simultaneous EEG-fMRI recording and automated detection of IED from inside-scanner EEG","volume":"13","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99134","DOI":"10.5812\/iranjradiol.99134","article-title":"Epilepsy presurgical evaluation of patients with complex source localization by a novel component-based EEG-fMRI approach","volume":"16","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Radiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020071","article-title":"Interictal functional connectivity of human epileptic networks assessed by intracerebral EEG and BOLD signal fluctuations","volume":"6","author":"Bettus","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20580","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of spontaneous fluctuations in fMRI signals in monkey visual cortex: implications for functional connectivity at rest","volume":"29","author":"Shmuel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16039","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807010105","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of the brain's intrinsic large-scale functional architecture","volume":"105","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.008","article-title":"EEG\u2013fMRI of epileptic spikes: Concordance with EEG source localization and intracranial EEG","volume":"30","author":"B\u00e9nar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-020-09614-5","article-title":"Localizing confined epileptic foci in patients with an unclear focus or presumed multifocality using a component-based EEG-fMRI method","volume":"15","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn Neurodyn."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20389","article-title":"Noncanonical spike-related BOLD responses in focal epilepsy","volume":"29","author":"Lemieux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.695997","article-title":"Localizing epileptic foci using simultaneous eeg-fmri recording: template component cross-correlation","volume":"12","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.04.010","article-title":"Component-related BOLD response to localize epileptic focus using simultaneous EEG-fMRI recordings at 3T","volume":"322","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2019.06.003","article-title":"Quantitative determination of concordance in localizing epileptic focus by component-based EEG-fMRI","volume":"177","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.04.011","article-title":"Lateralization and localization of epilepsy related hemodynamic foci using presurgical fMRI","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Identification of seizure onset zone in functional magnetic resonance imaging","author":"Banerjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arizona Board Regents ASU"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.08.031","article-title":"Resting functional MRI with temporal clustering analysis for localization of epileptic activity without EEG","volume":"21","author":"Morgan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-006-0009-7","article-title":"Localization of latent epileptic activities using spatio-temporal independent component analysis of fMRI data","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.19.24319178","article-title":"Change in resting-state functional mri connectivity to measure individual response to epilepsy surgery","volume":"20","author":"Cediel","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102038","article-title":"fMRI functional connectivity as an indicator of interictal epileptic discharges","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"660","article-title":"\u201cfMRI functional connectivity analysis for localizing epileptic focus\u201d","author":"Sadjadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"2022 30th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, ICEE 2022"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5754204\/v1","article-title":"Identifying cognitive resources in a decision-making during gambling","author":"Mohammad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res Sq."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504136102","article-title":"The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks","volume":"102","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0333-10.2010","article-title":"Functional connectivity and brain networks in schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Lynall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00026-5","article-title":"Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications","volume":"13","author":"Hyvarinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neural Networks."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481858","DOI":"10.3389\/fnimg.2024.1481858","article-title":"Resting-state fMRI seizure onset localization meta-analysis: comparing rs-fMRI to other modalities including surgical outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Boerwinkle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neuroimag."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3052","article-title":"Localizing seizure-onset zones in presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant epilepsy by electroencephalography\/fMRI: effectiveness of alternative thresholding strategies","volume":"33","author":"Hauf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12400","article-title":"Resting state networks in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Cataldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B53","unstructured":"Merging deep learning with expert knowledge for seizure onset zone localization from rs-fMRI in pediatric pharmaco resistant epilepsy\n          \n          \n            \n              Kamboj\n              P\n            \n            \n              Banerjee\n              A\n            \n            \n              Gupta\n              SKS\n            \n            \n              Boerwinkle\n              VL\n            \n          \n          arXiv\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324461","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1324461","article-title":"The expert's knowledge combined with AI outperforms AI alone in seizure onset zone localization using resting state fMRI","volume":"14","author":"Kamboj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Localization of seizure onset zone based on spatio-temporal independent component analysis on fMRI\n          \n          \n            \n              Sadjadi\n              SM\n            \n            \n              Ebrahimzadeh\n              E\n            \n            \n              Fallahi\n              A\n            \n            \n              Habibabadi\n              JM\n            \n            \n              Nazem-Zadeh\n              M-R\n            \n            \n              Soltanian-Zadeh\n              H\n            \n          \n          arXiv\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2013.2776","article-title":"Fuzzy similarity measures for detection and classification of defects in CFRP","volume":"60","author":"Pellicano","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02521.x","article-title":"Electrical source imaging for presurgical focus localization in epilepsy patients with normal MRI","volume":"51","author":"Brodbeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.196253","article-title":"EEG correlated functional MRI and postoperative outcome in focal epilepsy","volume":"81","author":"Thornton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr156","article-title":"With or without spikes: Localization of focal epileptic activity by simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"134","author":"Grouiller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.11.016","article-title":"Nonlinear hemodynamic responses in human epilepsy: a multimodal analysis with fNIRS-EEG and fMRI-EEG","volume":"204","author":"Pouliot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12434","article-title":"Electroencephalography\/functional magnetic resonance imaging responses help predict surgical outcome in focal epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-014-0407-1","article-title":"Are epilepsy-related fMRI components dependent on the presence of interictal epileptic discharges in scalp EEG?","volume":"28","author":"van Houdt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"429","article-title":"\u201cExploring the epileptic network with parallel ica of interictal eeg-fMRI stadius\u201d","author":"Hunyadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"22nd European Signal Processing Conference"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-310401","article-title":"EEG-fMRI in the presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"87","author":"Coan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25003","article-title":"Combined EEG-fMRI and ESI improves localisation of paediatric focal epilepsy","volume":"82","author":"Centeno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-017-0598-3","article-title":"Two-dimensional temporal clustering analysis for patients with epilepsy: detecting epilepsy-related information in EEG-fMRI concordant, discordant and spike-less patients","volume":"31","author":"Maziero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693504","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.693504","article-title":"Mapping epileptic networks using simultaneous intracranial EEG-fMRI","volume":"12","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1515484\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T14:24:03Z","timestamp":1749219843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1515484\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1515484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1515484","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"article-number":"1515484"}}