{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T17:43:55Z","timestamp":1767203035899,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is limited research on long-term neurologic symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection in Peru. This study aimed to describe the longitudinal experience of survivors of mild to moderate COVID-19 in Lima, Peru.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective, longitudinal observational study included neurologic follow-up data between 3- and 12-months following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recruitment to a parent study: \u201cNatural History of SARS-CoV-2 in Comparison to Influenza Virus: A Multi-site Study Focused on the Southern Hemisphere and Equatorial Regions\u201d (COFLU Peru), occurred between February 2021 and February 2022 in a Callao, Peru public hospital emergency department. In-person visits for this sub-study, \u201cNeuro COFLU,\u201d included neurologic history and symptom questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-four patients were seen for at least one visit, two of whom required hospitalization for COVID-19. Forty-one (76%) reported at least one pre-existing neurologic diagnosis (59% headaches; 24% migraines). At follow-up visits, patients reported at least one new neurologic symptom since COVID-19: 24\/29 (83%) at 90\u202fdays, 31\/42 (74%) at 180\u202fdays, 41\/46 (89%) at 270\u202fdays, and 20\/21 (95%) at 365\u202fdays. The median number of new symptoms was 3 at 90\u202fdays, 3 at 180, 4 at 270 and 3 at 365\u202fdays. Days 90\u2013180 frequent symptoms included: muscular pain, neck stiffness, headache, loss of appetite, numbness, insomnia, and weakness (24\u201331%). Days 181\u2013365 frequent symptoms included: fatigue, weakness, memory problems, irritability, changes in hearing, muscular pain, joint pain, and insomnia (28\u201333%). Pre-existing anxiety was associated with post-COVID-19 hearing changes, muscular pain, numbness and weakness and pre-existing depression with neck stiffness and numbness. No significant association was found with age, sex, vaccination status, or pre-existing headaches. Full recovery was reported for 6\/29 (21%) at day 90, 13\/42 (31%) at day 180, 17\/46 (37%) at day 270, and 9\/20 (45%) at day 365. By day 365, patients reported median recovery of 85\u201390%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent neurological symptoms are common in COVID-19 survivors in Lima. Many new neurologic symptoms persisted and increased in prevalence over 3\u201312\u202fmonths. Limitations include lack of control group and small sample size. Longitudinal studies of outcomes are needed to predict and mitigate the long-term physical, social and economic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1524613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T14:45:16Z","timestamp":1753109116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurologic symptoms following COVID-19 in Lima, Peru: a prospective longitudinal observational study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hanalise V.","family":"Huff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Villanueva-Colina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica M.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Tovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Davila Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davidson H.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor J.","family":"Koralnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguela A.","family":"Caniza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120162","article-title":"Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"434","author":"Premraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050816","article-title":"Pathogenesis underlying neurological manifestations of long COVID syndrome and potential therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Leng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00493-2","article-title":"Long COVID: 3 years in","volume":"401","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"A long COVID definition: A chronic, systemic disease state with profound consequences","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25807","article-title":"COVID-19: a global threat to the nervous system","volume":"88","author":"Koralnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001031","article-title":"Neurologic findings among inpatients with COVID-19 at a safety-net US Hospital","volume":"11","author":"Anand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51210","article-title":"Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Liotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00453-w","article-title":"Neurological infection with SARS-CoV-2 - 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