{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:53:43Z","timestamp":1793332423146,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we give an introduction to the area, followed by brief reviews of the neural response to sound and vibration, and then the velocity storage integrator, before putting forward our hypothesis about the neural input to the velocity storage integrator. Finally we discuss some of the implications of our hypothesis. There are two pathways conveying neural information from the vestibular periphery (the semicircular canals and the otoliths) to central neural mechanisms\u2014a direct and an indirect pathway. Within the indirect pathway there is a unique neural mechanism called the velocity storage integrator (VSI) which is part of a neural network generating prolonged nystagmus, afternystagmus and the sensation of self-motion and its converse self-stability. It is our hypothesis that only neural input from primary afferent neurons with irregular resting discharge projects in the direct pathway, whereas the primary afferent input in the indirect pathway consists of neurons with regular resting discharge. The basis for this hypothesis is that vibration is a selective stimulus for vestibular neurons with irregular resting discharge. 100\u202fHz mastoid vibration, while capable of generating nystagmus (skull vibration induced nystagmus SVIN), is ineffective in generating afternystagmus (in the condition of an encased labyrinth) which is a marker of the action of the VSI, leading to the conclusion that irregular afferents bypass the indirect pathway and the VSI. In order to present this hypothesis we review the evidence that irregular neurons are selectively activated by sound and vibration, whereas regular neurons are not so activated. There are close similarities between the temporal characteristics of the irregular afferent neural response to vibration and the temporal characteristics of SVIN. SVIN is a simple clinical indicator of whether a patient has an imbalance between the two vestibular labyrinths and our hypothesis ties SVIN to irregular primary vestibular neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1533842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:28:02Z","timestamp":1738646882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Skull vibration induced nystagmus, velocity storage and self-stability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ian S.","family":"Curthoys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Zee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Pastras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Dlugaiczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0544-1","article-title":"Bone conducted vibration selectively activates irregular primary otolithic vestibular neurons in the guinea pig","volume":"175","author":"Curthoys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00117","article-title":"Sustained and transient vestibular systems: a physiological basis for interpreting vestibular function","volume":"8","author":"Curthoys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2499-5","article-title":"Vestibular primary afferent responses to sound and vibration in the guinea pig","volume":"210","author":"Curthoys","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.10.019","article-title":"The response of guinea pig primary utricular and saccular irregular neurons to bone-conducted vibration (BCV) and air-conducted sound (ACS)","volume":"331","author":"Curthoys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2012.07.007","article-title":"Irregular primary otolith afferents from the guinea pig utricular and saccular maculae respond to both bone conducted vibration and to air conducted sound","volume":"89","author":"Curthoys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.12.009","article-title":"Phase-locking of irregular guinea pig primary vestibular afferents to high frequency (> 250 Hz) sound and vibration","volume":"373","author":"Curthoys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E961","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002791","article-title":"Activation of Guinea pig irregular Semicircular Canal afferents by 100 Hz vibration: clinical implications for vibration-induced nystagmus and vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials","volume":"41","author":"Dlugaiczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e406","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001940","article-title":"Superior Canal dehiscence syndrome: relating clinical findings with vestibular neural responses from a guinea pig model","volume":"40","author":"Dlugaiczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.4.767","article-title":"The vestibular nerve of the chinchilla. 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