{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:13:38Z","timestamp":1785248018558,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the neurological complications associated with diabetes mellitus is essential for developing comprehensive treatment strategies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful tool for investigating brain functional and structural changes associated with various conditions, including diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze the application trends, research hotspots, and emerging frontiers of fMRI in diabetes mellitus research through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted utilizing the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Bibliometric tools, including VOSviewer (version 1.6.20), CiteSpace (version 6.3.R1), and R (version 4.3.3), were employed for data analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 706 articles about fMRI and diabetes mellitus were published from 1987 to 2024. The United States of America (USA) ranks first (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f931), followed by China (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f756) and Germany (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f270) regarding total publications. Harvard University ranks first in terms of total publications. Among the top ten institutions regarding publications, the majority of articles originated from the USA. The journal <jats:italic>Diabetes<\/jats:italic> has the highest number of publications. The author SHAO YI ranks first in total publications, while FRITSCHE ANDREAS ranks first in total citations. The top five keywords identified are \u201cdementia,\u201d \u201crisk,\u201d \u201cbrain,\u201d \u201cAlzheimer\u2019s disease,\u201d and \u201cfunctional connectivity.\u201d Keyword burst analysis indicates that the recent research hotspots included \u201cimpairment,\u201d \u201cdysfunction,\u201d and \u201cdiagnosis.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive impairment and dysfunction related to diabetes mellitus, along with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia, and their diagnosis were identified as focal areas of research. Future investigations should concentrate on predicting and early diagnosing cognitive function in patients with diabetes mellitus using fMRI. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians seeking to explore the neurological dimensions of diabetes mellitus and develop targeted therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1539995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T04:11:44Z","timestamp":1755749504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Research trend of functional magnetic resonance imaging in diabetes mellitus research: a visualization and bibliometric analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zongbo","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueli","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"402","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.23.229","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus measured with the Bahasa Indonesia version of EQ-5D in primary care settings in Indonesia","volume":"56","author":"Prabowo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.320996","article-title":"Assessment of structural brain changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using the MRI-based brain atrophy and lesion index","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12482","article-title":"The impact of diabetes on cognitive impairment and its progression to dementia","volume":"17","author":"Dove","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12655","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are distinct diseases with potential overlapping metabolic dysfunction upstream of observed cognitive decline","volume":"29","author":"Chornenkyy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S013","article-title":"Older adults: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165505","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1165505","article-title":"Frontiers in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in diabetic sensorimotor neuropathy (DSPN)","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.05.003","article-title":"New perspectives in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"111","author":"Eid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050557","article-title":"Early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by fMRI: an evidence-based review","volume":"12","author":"Chitneni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.23736\/S1824-4785.18.03101-1","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging in glioma patients: from clinical applications to future perspectives","volume":"62","author":"Volz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548568","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.548568","article-title":"Applications of functional magnetic resonance imaging in determining the pathophysiological mechanisms and rehabilitation of spatial neglect","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2017.0543","article-title":"Time-resolved resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis: current status, challenges, and new directions","volume":"7","author":"Keilholz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190699","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals differences in brain activation in response to thermal stimuli in diabetic patients with and without diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104560","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21282","article-title":"Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging shows altered brain network topology in type 2 diabetic patients without cognitive impairment","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1309","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007124","article-title":"Perivascular spaces contribute to cognition beyond other small vessel disease markers","volume":"92","author":"Passiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.002","article-title":"Plausibility tracking: a method to evaluate anatomical connectivity and microstructural properties along fiber pathways","volume":"90","author":"Schreiber","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-014111","article-title":"Coupling mechanism and significance of the BOLD signal: a status report","volume":"37","author":"Hillman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072064","article-title":"Normalized indices derived from visceral adipose mass assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and their correlation with markers for insulin resistance and prediabetes","volume":"12","author":"Machann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-1885-6","article-title":"Scientific workflows for bibliometrics","volume":"107","author":"Guler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","article-title":"Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping","volume":"84","author":"van Eck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2351-9","article-title":"A theoretical model of the relationship between the h-index and other simple citation indicators","volume":"111","author":"Bertoli-Barsotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507655102","article-title":"An index to quantify an individual\u2019s scientific research output","volume":"102","author":"Hirsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033699","article-title":"Bounds and inequalities relating h-index, g-index, e-index and generalized impact factor: an improvement over existing models","volume":"7","author":"Abbas","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1358","article-title":"Resting-state brain networks in type 1 diabetic patients with and without microangiopathy and their relation to cognitive functions and disease variables","volume":"61","author":"van Duinkerken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167010","article-title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy mutations and phosphorylation disrupt the active orientation of cardiac troponin C","volume":"433","author":"Mahmud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-453","article-title":"Regional brain changes in patients with diabetic optic neuropathy: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i3.278","article-title":"Altered spontaneous brain activity in patients with diabetic optic neuropathy: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study using regional homogeneity","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2283","article-title":"Treatment with Niraparib maintenance therapy in patients with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian Cancer: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6917","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111134598","article-title":"Effect of COMT Val108\/158 met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia","volume":"98","author":"Egan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12270","article-title":"Diabetes as a potential risk for periodontitis: association studies","volume":"83","author":"Genco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0775-x","article-title":"Diabetes and cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Zilliox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285312","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1285312","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging on brain structure and function changes in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.26442\/00403660.2021.11.201253","article-title":"Neural networks in the predictive diagnosis of cognitive impairment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"93","author":"Samoilova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ter Arkh"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.g.Pb2019.09.002","article-title":"Identification of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with T2DM Using Whole Brain Functional Connectivity","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23240","article-title":"High-order resting-state functional connectivity network for MCI classification","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23711","article-title":"Extraction of dynamic functional connectivity from brain grey matter and white matter for MCI classification","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170417113441","article-title":"Default mode network connectivity and related white matter disruption in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients concurrent with amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00856","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus may exacerbate gray matter atrophy in patients with early-onset mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76495-3","article-title":"Altered regional homogeneity and functional brain networks in type 2 diabetes with and without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28163-5","article-title":"Detecting type 2 diabetes mellitus cognitive impairment using whole-brain functional connectivity","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834319","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.834319","article-title":"Topological alterations of the brain functional network in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2553","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2553","article-title":"Abnormal functional connectivity in the right dorsal anterior insula associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101802","article-title":"Disturbed neurovascular coupling in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: evidence from a comprehensive fMRI analysis","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00741","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.741","article-title":"Hippocampal atrophy, asymmetry, and cognition in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Milne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1539995\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T04:11:46Z","timestamp":1755749506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1539995\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1539995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1539995","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"article-number":"1539995"}}