{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:25:24Z","timestamp":1789961124388,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have evaluated oral behaviors in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. While occlusal and non-occlusal parafunctions may significantly contribute to TMD symptoms, their frequency in orthodontic patients remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of oral parafunctions, TMD pain, and headaches in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. The Fonseca Anamnestic Index, DC\/TMD Axis I, and Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC) questionnaires were used to assess the occurrence of TMD pain and oral parafunctions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 152 patients. 59.2% of the study participants were women, the mean age was 20.01 (SD 6.89). The painful form of TMD was found in 23.7% of the study participants, with headaches in 26.4% (with TMD-attributed headaches in 13.2%). The mean score on the OBC questionnaire was 18.96 (SD 8.89) and 25% of patients had high-risk grade of oral behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients experiencing myalgia, arthralgia, and headaches had notably higher OBC scores. Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment should be screened for oral parafunctions and TMD pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1548138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T07:33:44Z","timestamp":1744011224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Oral parafunctional behaviors, TMD pain, and headaches among patients underwent orthodontic therapy\u2014an observational study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ga\u0142czy\u0144ska-Rusin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Szyszka-Sommerfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Idzior-Haufa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pobudek-Radzikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Czajka-Jakubowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12114","article-title":"Validity of the Oral Behaviours checklist: correlations between OBC scores and intensity of facial pain","volume":"41","author":"van der Meulen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2009.02033.x","article-title":"Oral parafunctions as risk factors for diagnostic TMD subgroups","volume":"37","author":"Michelotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.07.013","article-title":"Awake and sleep Oral Behaviours in patients with painful temporomandibular disorders","volume":"74","author":"Keela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13427","article-title":"Prevalence of oral behaviours in general dental patients attending a university clinic in Italy","volume":"50","author":"Reda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13226","article-title":"Are oral overuse behaviours associated with painful temporomandibular disorders? A cross-sectional study in Portuguese university students","volume":"48","author":"Barbosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2018.1440322","article-title":"A high prevalenceof TMD is related to somatic awareness and pain intensity among healthy dental students","volume":"76","author":"L\u00f6vgren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.07.018","article-title":"Clinical orofacial characteristics associated with risk of first-onset TMD: the OPPERA prospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Ohrbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.11607\/jofph.20306","article-title":"Oral behaviors checklist: reliability of performance in targeted waking-state behaviors","volume":"20","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod23.012","article-title":"Risk factors for orthodontic fixed retention failure: a retrospective controlled study. Korean","volume":"53","author":"Verschueren","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"e33","article-title":"An association between temporomandibular disorder and gum chewing","volume":"62","author":"Correia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01467-y","article-title":"Effect of chewing gum on orthodontic pain in patients receiving fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12258","article-title":"Effect of somatosensory amplification and trait anxiety on experimentally induced orthodontic pain","volume":"124","author":"Cioffi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2003)073<0411:RBSASO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Relationship between signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and orthodontic treatment: a cross-sectional study","volume":"73","author":"Conti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2020.08.003","article-title":"Occlusion, orthodontics, and temporomandibular disorders: cutting edge of the current evidence","volume":"9","author":"Michelotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J World Fed Orthod"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04931-5","article-title":"Pain profile during orthodontic levelling and alignment with fixed appliances reported in randomized trials: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"27","author":"Inauen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12452","article-title":"Self-reported oral behaviour habits in hyperdivergent and normodivergent facial types","volume":"44","author":"Antoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC\/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the international RDC\/TMD consortium network* and orofacial pain special interest group\u2020","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/181149","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC\/TMD): polish assessment instruments","volume":"61","author":"Osiewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent Med Probl"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/177287","article-title":"Polish language adaptation and validation of the Fonseca anamnestic index for individuals with temporomandibular disorders","volume":"61","author":"Ga\u0142czy\u0144ska-Rusin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent Med Probl"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103230","article-title":"Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Fonseca anamnestic index in a Spanish population with temporomandibular disorders","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Torrelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5858","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245858","article-title":"The short form of the Fonseca anamnestic index for the screening of temporomandibular disorders: validity and reliability in a Spanish-speaking population","volume":"10","author":"Zagalaz-Anula","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216396","article-title":"Relationship between Oral parafunctional and postural habits and the symptoms of temporomandibular disorders: a survey-based cross-sectional cohort study using propensity score matching analysis","volume":"11","author":"Abe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e090","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0090","article-title":"Oral behaviors, bruxism, malocclusion and painful temporomandibular joint clicking: is there an association?","volume":"35","author":"Poluha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12302","article-title":"Association between waking-state oral parafunctional behaviours and bio-psychosocial characteristics","volume":"42","author":"Khawaja","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2019.1694756","article-title":"Evaluation of temporomandibular disorder symptoms and oral health-related quality of life in adolescent orthodontic patients with different dental malocclusions","volume":"40","author":"Karaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13221","article-title":"Association between waking-state oral behaviours, according to the oral behaviors checklist, and TMD subgroups","volume":"48","author":"Donnarumma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.11607\/jofph.2031","article-title":"Self-reported oral parafunctions and pain intensity in temporomandibular disorder patients","volume":"20","author":"van der Meulen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13471","article-title":"Longitudinal trends in temporomandibular joint disorder symptoms, the impact of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment: a 20-year prospective study","volume":"50","author":"Myllym\u00e4ki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1912-2","article-title":"Patients with myogenic temporomandibular disorders have reduced oxygen extraction in the masseter muscle","volume":"21","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-67458-7_53","article-title":"Effect of gum chewing training on masseter muscle oxygen dynamics","volume":"1463","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13195","article-title":"Migraine and yawning","volume":"58","author":"G\u00fcven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2001.00223.x","article-title":"Primary yawning headache","volume":"21","author":"Jacome","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6666680","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6666680","article-title":"The impact of education and physical therapy on Oral behaviour in patients with temporomandibular disorder: a preliminary study","volume":"2021","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02897-0","article-title":"Efficiency of occlusal splint therapy on orofacial muscle pain reduction: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Orzeszek","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1548138\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T07:33:45Z","timestamp":1744011225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1548138\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1548138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1548138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"article-number":"1548138"}}