{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:33:52Z","timestamp":1789403632387,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a significant clinical phenotype of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-associated disease, which is characterized by disturbances in GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission. Efgartigimod, a neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor antagonist, controls the trafficking and recycling of pathogenic anti-GAD immunoglobulin G, showing promise as a therapeutic target.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present a case report involving the treatment of three patients affected by GAD-seropositive autoimmune encephalitis with efgartigimod. The patients\u2019 overall disability was assessed using the modified Rankin scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After 4 weeks of efgartigimod treatment, the patients demonstrated substantial improvements, including no dementia or behavioral abnormalities and well-controlled seizures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that efgartigimod is a potential candidate drug for the treatment of anti-GADassociated autoimmune encephalitis, particularly in patients presenting with TLE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1550023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T06:09:07Z","timestamp":1745820547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Resolution of anti-GAD-associated autoimmune encephalitis in patients treated with efgartigimod"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuajin","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Hongbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325275","article-title":"Clinical 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Disord"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11970-1","article-title":"Efgartigimod beyond myasthenia gravis: the role of fcrn-targeting therapies in stiff-person syndrome","volume":"271","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17562864211003486","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211003486","article-title":"GAD antibody-spectrum disorders: progress in clinical phenotypes, immunopathogenesis and therapeutic interventions","volume":"14","author":"Tsiortou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21917","article-title":"Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis","volume":"67","author":"Malter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)","author":"Arumugham","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27922","article-title":"Updated consensus statement: intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders report of the AANEM ad hoc committee","volume":"68","author":"Tavee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327302","article-title":"LGI1 antibody encephalitis: acute treatment comparisons and outcome","volume":"93","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30421","article-title":"Efgartigimod as rescue treatment in acute phase of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a case 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