{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T18:40:54Z","timestamp":1794336054047,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In many countries, patients with headache disorders such as migraine remain under-recognized and under-diagnosed. Patients affected by these disorders are often unaware of the seriousness of their conditions, as headaches are neither fatal nor contagious. In many cases, patients with migraine are often misdiagnosed as regular headaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this article, we present a study on migraine, covering known triggers, different phases, classification of migraine into different types based on clinical studies, and the use of various machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and artificial neural network (ANN) to learn and classify different migraine types. This study will only consider using these methods for diagnostic purposes. Models based on these algorithms are then trained using the dataset, which includes a compilation of the types of migraine experienced by various patients. These models are then used to classify the types of migraines, and the results are analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the machine learning models trained on the dataset are verified for their performance. The results are further evaluated by selective sampling and tuning, and improved performance is observed. The precision and accuracy obtained by the support vector machine and artificial neural network are 91% compared to logistic regression (90%) and random forest (87%). These models are run with the dataset without optimal tuning across the entire dataset for different migraine types; which is further improved with selective sampling and optimal tuning. These results indicate that the discussed models are relatively good and can be used with high precision and accuracy for diagnosing different types of migraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study presents a realistic assessment of promising models that are dependable in aiding physicians. The study shows the performance of various models based on the classification metrics computed for each model. It is evident from the results that the artificial neural network (ANN) performs better, irrespective of the sampling techniques used. With these machine learning models, types of migraines can be classified with high accuracy and reliability, enabling physicians to make timely clinical diagnoses of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1555215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T15:28:48Z","timestamp":1746804528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Migraine triggers, phases, and classification using machine learning models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anusha","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajit","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015","article-title":"Pathophysiology of migraine: a disorder of sensory processing","volume":"97","author":"Goadsby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11370-8","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"351","author":"Ferrari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01889-x","article-title":"Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 \u2013 migraine","volume":"25","author":"Raggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2174\/13892029113149990007","article-title":"Studies on the pathophysiology and genetic basis of migraine","volume":"14","author":"Gaspirini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Genom."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315579627","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of chronic migraine","volume":"6","author":"Weatherall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"5","article-title":"Migraine triggers","volume":"2","author":"Jiedel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci J Lander Coll Arts Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.29161\/PT.v6.i4.2018.8","article-title":"Migraine and migraine management: a review","volume":"6","author":"Muthyala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharma Tutor."},{"key":"B8","author":"Dodick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phase-by-Phase Review of Migraine Pathophysiology"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"The Prevalence of Premonitory Symptoms in Migraine: a Questionnaire Study in 461 Patients","author":"Schoonman","year":"2006"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12026","article-title":"The Evolution of a Migraine Attack - A Review of Recent Evidence","volume":"53","author":"Charles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015","article-title":"Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology","volume":"35","author":"Burstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002789","article-title":"The migraine postdrome an electronic diary study","volume":"87","author":"Nicola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.10311","article-title":"Latent class and genetic analysis does not support migraine with aura and migraine without aura as separate entities","volume":"26","author":"Nyholt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"IHS\n              Classification\n            \n          \n          ICHD-3"},{"key":"B15","author":"Kodzhoshalieva","year":"","journal-title":"Causes and Treatment of Migraine Headaches, A Literature Review. 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