{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:09:11Z","timestamp":1753891751459,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sex is a crucial determinant in the clinical manifestations of diseases. However, previous studies have not clarified whether altered brain morphology shows sex-specific patterns in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with or without possible rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). This study aimed to investigate sex-specific differences in the patterns of morphological changes among different subgroups of PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>High-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and clinical scale data were collected from 278 participants in the Parkinson's disease Progression Marker Initiative database: 93 patients with PD-pRBD (60 males, 33 females), 114 patients showing PD without RBD (PDnon-pRBD group; 68 males, 46 females), and 71 healthy controls (HCs; 44 males, 17 females). The Computational Anatomy Toolbox (CAT) 12 was utilized to collect data on gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical morphological metrics. Subsequently, individual-level morphological similarity networks were constructed on the basis of these cortical metrics. Finally, the topological properties of the network were analyzed using graph theoretical methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the PD-pRBD group, the GMV in the frontal and temporal lobes of males was lower than that of females. In contrast, the gyrification index (GI) of the frontal lobe in males was lower than that in females within the PDnon-pRBD group. Network analyses based on graph theory revealed that male PD-pRBD patients showed lower network information integration than female patients, particularly in terms of the global properties of fractal dimension (FD) networks. Moreover, in the PD-pRBD group, male patients showed a strong correlation between morphological network metrics and cognitive performance, as measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT<jats:italic>-<\/jats:italic>R) memory scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of more significant sex-related differences in brain morphological changes in the PD-pRBD group in comparison with the PDnon-pRBD group highlights the importance of considering sex-related differences in the diagnosis and management of patients with PD-pRBD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1561555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T05:27:49Z","timestamp":1745299669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-specific brain morphological and network differences in patients showing Parkinson's disease with and without possible rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingqi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afad186","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad186","article-title":"New horizons in Parkinson's disease in older populations","volume":"52","author":"Chhetri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0244-7","article-title":"Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.02.002","article-title":"Sex differences in Parkinson's disease","volume":"35","author":"Gillies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890600989211","article-title":"Complex disease, gender and epigenetics","volume":"38","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10728-x","article-title":"Sex differences in brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients with and without probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder","volume":"269","author":"Oltra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_303","article-title":"Sex\/gender differences in brain lateralisation and connectivity","volume":"62","author":"Hodgetts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.09.002","article-title":"Sex differences in Parkinson's disease: Features on clinical symptoms, treatment outcome, sexual hormones and genetics","volume":"50","author":"Jurado-Coronel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2744-1","article-title":"Prevalence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in Parkinson's disease: a meta and meta-regression analysis","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.09.019","article-title":"sleep behavior disorder portends poor prognosis in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5482-y","article-title":"et al. 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