{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T21:23:47Z","timestamp":1774992227244,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder associated with a variety of abnormal visual symptoms. However, the mechanisms of visual processing in migraine are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate neuromagnetic activity abnormalities under visual stimuli in migraine patients using magnetoencephalography (MEG).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Magnetoencephalography recordings during exposure to visual stimuli were collected for 22 episodic migraine patients without aura during the interictal period and 22 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs). The spectral power and functional connectivity (FC) of visual neuromagnetic activation were estimated using minimum norm estimation combined with the Welch technique and corrected amplitude envelope correlation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to HCs, migraineurs exhibited attenuated spectral power in the gamma2 band of the bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortices, bilateral posterior cingulate cortices, bilateral temporal poles, right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and left transverse temporal cortex. Migraineurs also exhibited the following increases in FC relative to HCs between vision- and pain-related brain regions: In the alpha band, FC between the left cuneus and left medial orbitofrontal cortex was significantly increased. In the beta band, FC between the left lateral occipital cortex and bilateral anterior cingulate cortices was significantly increased. In the gamma1 band, FC of the right cuneus with the bilateral insulae, left parahippocampal cortex, bilateral posterior central cortices, and bilateral anterior cingulate cortices was significantly increased. Migraineurs also showed significantly increased FC between the left lateral occipital cortex and the right medial orbitofrontal cortex, left posterior central cortex, and bilateral anterior cingulate cortices. The clinical variables (headache history, attack frequency, and pain intensity) had no significant correlation with MEG results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, these findings demonstrate altered spectral power in pain-processing regions and altered FC between vision and pain-related regions in migraineurs under visual stimuli in multi-frequencies. These results may contribute to understanding the relationship between visual dysfunction and headache onset in migraineurs, providing valuable insights into the underlying pathophysiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1567150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:33:35Z","timestamp":1753878815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Altered neuromagnetic activity under visual stimuli in migraine: a multi-frequency magnetoencephalography study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingfan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanwen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30478-1","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"391","author":"Dodick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000 Faculty Rev-1219","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18768.1","article-title":"Symptoms related to the visual system in migraine","volume":"8","author":"van Dongen","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.355","article-title":"A Nosographic analysis of the migraine Aura in a general population","volume":"119","author":"Russell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1947.10.6.409","article-title":"Further observations on the spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex","volume":"10","author":"Leao","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.53.3.537","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of migraine in a population-based cohort: the gem study","volume":"53","author":"Launer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14867","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography studies in migraine and headache disorders: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101815","article-title":"Visual input drives increased occipital responsiveness and harmonized oscillations in multiple cortical areas in Migraineurs","volume":"23","author":"Mehnert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01410-2","article-title":"Attenuated alpha oscillation and Hyperresponsiveness reveals impaired perceptual learning in Migraineurs","volume":"23","author":"Fong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.02013.x","article-title":"Photoreactivity of the occipital cortex measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging-blood oxygenation level dependent in migraine patients and healthy volunteers: pathophysiological implications","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12194","article-title":"Multimodal assessment of optokinetic visual stimulation response in migraine with Aura","volume":"54","author":"Griebe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0957-9","article-title":"Abnormality of visual Neuromagnetic activation in female Migraineurs without Aura between attacks","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.01545.x","article-title":"What initiates a migraine attack? 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