{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:47:27Z","timestamp":1793933247885,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data about the prognosis of vestibular migraine (VM) is scarce. VM patients on follow-up for at least 4 years were included in this multicenter study to evaluate the course of symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a cross-sectional study. A structured questionnaire was used inquiring demographic features, age of onset of migraine headaches and vertigo attacks, headache and vertigo attack frequency, severity, associated features and the presence of interictal dizziness and positional vertigo. Menopause, history of motion sickness, and family history of migraine were recorded. Answers of the first visit were compared with the answers of the last visit. In addition, variables considered were evaluated regarding their effect on the symptom course.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>203 patients were studied. Median vertigo and headache attack frequency and severity had significantly dropped during follow-up (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.01 for all comparisons). Complete resolution was reported by only 5.4%. Dizziness between the attacks was present in 67%, and positional vertigo was reported by 20.2%. Univariate analysis showed that aural symptoms (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.013) and menopause (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.016) were risk factors for ongoing frequent vertigo attacks. A history of motion sickness (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.019) and a family history of migraine (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.004) were associated with the risk of frequent migraine headaches. The presence of allodynia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.002) was associated with severe headache attacks while an early age of onset of vertigo attacks (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.005) was a risk factor for continuing high-frequency vertigo attacks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Though the frequency and severity of headache and vertigo attacks decrease, complete resolution is reported by a minority.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1567233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T04:10:34Z","timestamp":1744258234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Vestibular migraine: course of symptoms during a four-year follow-up"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nese","family":"Celebisoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ays\u0131n","family":"K\u0131sabay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcseyin Nezih","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Figen","family":"Gokcay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aysegul Seyma","family":"Sar\u0131tas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hulya","family":"Toydemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u0131ldan","family":"Yayla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilksen","family":"Is\u0131kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130rem","family":"Erkent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceyla","family":"Atac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebnem","family":"B\u0131cakc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feray","family":"G\u00fcle\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u0131lek Top","family":"Kart\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eylem Ozayd\u0131n","family":"Goksu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.06.003","article-title":"Vestibular Migraine","volume":"37","author":"Lempert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2012-0453","article-title":"Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria","volume":"22","author":"Lempert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vest Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237539.09942.06","article-title":"Migrainous vertigo: prevalence and impact on quality of life","volume":"67","author":"Neuhauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411405228","article-title":"Vestibular migraine--validity of clinical diagnostic criteria","volume":"31","author":"Radtke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001900","article-title":"The epidemiology of vestibular migraine: a population-based survey study","volume":"39","author":"Formeister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28546","article-title":"Treatment of vestibular migraine: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Byun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107201","article-title":"Vestibular migraine, demographic and clinical features of 415 patients: a multicenter study","volume":"215","author":"\u00c7elebisoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-150549","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for Meni\u00e8re's disease","volume":"25","author":"Lopez-Escamez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02748.x","article-title":"EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine--revised report of an EFNS task force","volume":"16","author":"Evers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e264f","article-title":"Vestibular migraine: long-term follow-up of clinical symptoms and vestibulo-cochlear findings","volume":"79","author":"Radtke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2022.2056341","article-title":"Factors determining the response to treatment in patients with vestibular migraine","volume":"44","author":"K\u0131sabay Ak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2018.0939","article-title":"Association of Tinnitus and Other Cochlear Disorders with a history of migraines","volume":"144","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109430","article-title":"A hypothetical proposal for association between migraine and Meniere's disease","volume":"134","author":"Sarna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000036903.22461.39","article-title":"Migraine and M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease: is there a link?","volume":"59","author":"Radtke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480701242469","article-title":"The relevance of migraine in patients with Me\u0144i\u00e8re's disease","volume":"127","author":"Cha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0b013e31815c2abb","article-title":"Familial clustering of migraine, episodic vertigo, and M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease","volume":"29","author":"Cha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2011.556661","article-title":"Similarity of vertigo attacks due to Meniere's disease and benign recurrent vertigo, both with and without migraine","volume":"131","author":"Brantberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31825d644a","article-title":"Auditory and vestibular symptoms and chronic subjective dizziness in patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, vestibular migraine, and M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease with concomitant vestibular migraine","volume":"33","author":"Neff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25344","article-title":"Migraine features in patients with Meniere's disease","volume":"126","author":"Ghavami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00749","article-title":"Simultaneous presentation of definite vestibular migraine and definite M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease: overlapping syndrome of two diseases","volume":"9","author":"Murofushi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00265","article-title":"Accompanying symptoms overlap during attacks in Meni\u00e8re's disease and vestibular migraine","volume":"5","author":"Lopez-Escamez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.191767","article-title":"Characteristics of the Cochlear symptoms and functions in Meniere's disease","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11677-3","article-title":"Comparison of clinical features in patients with vestibular migraine and migraine","volume":"270","author":"\u00c7elebisoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000605211016379","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211016379","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women with vestibular migraine: potential role of estradiol","volume":"49","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001024","article-title":"Vestibular and auditory manifestations of migraine","volume":"35","author":"Benjamin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000496","article-title":"Abnormal thalamic function in patients with vestibular migraine","volume":"82","author":"Russo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000421621.18407.96","article-title":"Migraine and motion sensitivity","volume":"18","author":"Furman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10636-0","article-title":"Characteristic differences between vestibular migraine and migraine only patients","volume":"269","author":"\u00d6z\u00e7elik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13240","article-title":"Clinical Features, Familial History, and Migraine Precursors in Patients With Definite Vestibular Migraine: The VM-Phenotypes Projects","volume":"58","author":"Teggi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.04.001","article-title":"Migraine and motion sickness: what is the link?","volume":"91","author":"Cuomo-Granston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418783295","article-title":"Linking migraine frequency with family history of migraine","volume":"39","author":"Pelzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13115","article-title":"Allodynia is associated with initial and sustained response to acute migraine treatment: results from the American migraine prevalence and prevention study","volume":"57","author":"Lipton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt251","article-title":"Cutaneous allodynia as a predictor of migraine chronification","volume":"136","author":"Louter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418825346","article-title":"Predictors of allodynia in persons with migraine: results from the migraine in America symptoms and treatment (MAST) study","volume":"39","author":"Dodick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000656","article-title":"Prognostic significance of vestibulospinal abnormalities in patients with vestibular migraine","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06061-0","article-title":"Factors implicated in response to treatment\/prognosis of vestibular migraine","volume":"278","author":"Dornhoffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121000712","article-title":"Impact of caloric test asymmetry on response to treatment in vestibular migraine","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1567233\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T09:21:11Z","timestamp":1745400071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1567233\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1567233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1567233","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"article-number":"1567233"}}