{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:28:53Z","timestamp":1780320533251,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To group the characteristics of chronic migraine (CM) by headache characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 821 adult CM patients who visited a specialized outpatient clinic for headaches. Using the headache characteristics, we performed Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) clustering to group CM patients. The burdens to their lives, monthly headache days (MHD), monthly acute medication intake days (AMD), and treatment outcomes were evaluated among the clusters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through a cluster analysis based on headache characteristics, our findings indicated the potential existence of three distinct types of CM: cluster 1 (predominantly female with CM resembling migraine), cluster 2 (higher age, higher BMI, smoker), and cluster 3 (mostly female with CM that have fewer migraine characteristics). The impact on quality of life was significant in cluster 1 compared to cluster 3. However, there were no differences in treatment outcomes, initial MHD, AMD, the years of migraine, or treatment sensitivity among these three clusters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cluster analysis mathematically divided CM patients into three groups, with predominant differences in the degree of disruption to their lives and their characteristics; further research is needed on the diagnostic criteria for CM and its characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1569333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T15:20:22Z","timestamp":1741620022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Profiling chronic migraine patients according to clinical characteristics: a cluster analysis 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