{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:46:55Z","timestamp":1787237215319,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To verify the hypothesis that length and inclination angle of the styloid process may lead to cerebral infarction related to carotid artery dissection through comparison of the length and inclination angle of the styloid process in middle-aged and young stroke patients undergoing carotid artery dissection, vertebral artery dissection, and non-dissection controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a Retrospective, single-center, case-control study that enrolled patients with cerebral infarction related to internal carotid artery dissection, vertebral artery dissection, and non-dissection controls. Eighteen patients with carotid artery dissection patients (cases) were compared with 34 sex-matched patients with vertebral artery dissection (G1) and 55 sex-matched patients without dissection (G2). The length and inclination angle of the styloid process were measured using Computed tomography angiography images. Differences between groups were estimated using the Student's\n                      <jats:italic>t-<\/jats:italic>\n                      test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Styloid process length ipsilateral to the carotid artery dissection was not significantly longer than that of the contralateral side of the cases (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05), or to those of the ipsilateral and contralateral sides in patients with vertebral artery dissection (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). The styloid process length ipsilateral to the dissection was significantly longer than those of the left and right sides of control patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05 for both), while the inclination angle of the cases was significantly larger than those of the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the vertebral artery dissection patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), and to the left and right sides of control patients (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long styloid process length and a large inclination angle appear to be risk factors for carotid artery dissection (CAD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1573667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T01:28:23Z","timestamp":1750123703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Anatomical characteristics of the styloid process in cerebral infarction related to carotid artery dissection: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuna","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenling","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.04.021","article-title":"Eagle Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"159","author":"Arvind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.4790","article-title":"Spontaneous Rupture of the Internal Carotid Artery Owing to an Aberrant Styloid Process in an Identical Twin","volume":"146","author":"Kelly C","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01866-2","article-title":"Bilateral Carotid Artery Dissection Due to Eagle Syndrome in a Patient with Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A Case Report","volume":"20","author":"Hajime","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00531-6","article-title":"Bilateral Elongated Styloid Processes: Eagle Syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Brihaspati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.1.JNS091407","article-title":"Compression of the Cervical Internal Carotid Artery by the Stylopharyngeus Muscle: An Anatomical Study with Potential Clinical Significance. Laboratory Investigation","volume":"113","author":"R Shane","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9989","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009989","article-title":"The Role of 3d-Printing Technology in the Diagnosis of Eagle Syndrome: A Case Report","volume":"97","author":"Dong Hoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2021.100353","article-title":"Bilateral Carotid Dissection Due to Eagle Syndrome in a Young Female","volume":"24","author":"Walter R","year":"2021","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823b4729","article-title":"Cervical Carotid Artery Dissection Is Associated with Styloid Process Length","volume":"77","author":"Raser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874418797763","article-title":"Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Stylocarotid Variant of Eagle Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Shakaib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2019.05.002","article-title":"Management of stylohyoid syndrome: a systematic review following prisma guidelines","volume":"136","author":"Lisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3941\/jrcr.v11i8.3040","article-title":"Vascular eagle's syndrome: two cases illustrating distinct mechanisms of cerebral ischemia","volume":"11","author":"Abdulrahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"143","article-title":"Reversible Left Hemispheric Ischemia Secondary to Carotid Compression in Eagle Syndrome: Surgical and Ct Angiographic Correlation","volume":"28","author":"Chuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017730779","article-title":"Anatomical characteristics of the styloid process in internal carotid artery dissection: case-control study","volume":"13","author":"Jos\u00e9 M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2021.0019","article-title":"A gross anatomical study of the styloid process of the temporal bone in Japanese cadavers","volume":"81","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04285-w","article-title":"Prevalence and features of elongated styloid process on imaging studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Fernanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1189","article-title":"Comparison of multidetector Ct angiography and Mr imaging of cervical artery dissection","volume":"29","author":"Vertinsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000088156","article-title":"Computed tomography angiography for the evaluation of carotid artery dissections","author":"Taschner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E103","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3261","article-title":"3D Fast spin-echo T1 black-blood imaging for the diagnosis of cervical artery dissection","volume":"34","author":"Edjlali","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001444","article-title":"Styloid and hyoid bone proximity is a risk factor for cervical carotid artery dissection","volume":"44","author":"Dimitri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318293e2eb","article-title":"Cervical artery dissection: trauma and other potential mechanical trigger events","volume":"80","author":"Stefan T","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000016","article-title":"Cervical Arterial Dissections and Association with Cervical Manipulative Therapy: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"45","author":"Jos\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.001","article-title":"Ischemic stroke caused by bilateral internal carotid artery dissection due to elongated styloid processes: a case report","volume":"137","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1573667\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T01:28:24Z","timestamp":1750123704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1573667\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1573667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1573667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"article-number":"1573667"}}