{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:34:17Z","timestamp":1787675657879,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review analyses the benefits of focal muscle vibration (FV) in the treatment of spasticity enhancing current understanding and promoting sustained improvements in motor function. Findings could support the selection of optimal FV protocols, guide future research, and provide insights into the mechanisms by which FV may improve motor function in individuals with spasticity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search was conducted using the online databases PubMed, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library. Including criteria: (a) participants presented with chronic spasticity; (b) the intervention involved the application of localized mechanical vibration; and (c) outcomes included neuromuscular functional parameters. Data extraction was performed independently by four reviewers, using a modified version of the 16-item Downs and Black checklist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 20 studies were selected, most of which investigated on spasticity following stroke, as well as in conditions such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and Minamata syndrome. FV effects were assessed using several methodologies: functional scales, digital analysis and electrophysiological evaluations. After-effects were positive and significant in 19 studies, while one study found non-significant results. In three studies, follow-up durations ranged between 1 and 30\u202fdays, and exceeded 1 month in seven. When adequate tests were performed, improvements extended to untreated muscles and involved complex motor behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The after-effects of FV appear to be most relevant and long-lasting when a high-frequency (75\u2013120\u202fHz), small-amplitude sinusoidal vibrations are repeatedly applied. The observed enduring improvements in complex motor behaviors suggest the involvement of sensory-motor mechanisms. These findings are discussed in the context of previous studies on FV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1579118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:14:32Z","timestamp":1749010472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A review about muscle focal vibration contribution on spasticity recovery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Fattorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito Enrico","family":"Pettorossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Rodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido Maria","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2017.06.006","article-title":"Effect of localised vibration on muscle strength in healthy adults: a systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Alghadir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiother"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6020039","article-title":"Is the focal muscle vibration an effective motor conditioning intervention? A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Fattorini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jd Funct Morphol Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8030103","article-title":"Effectiveness of focal muscle vibration in the recovery of Neuromotor Hypofunction: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Fattorini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112232","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1112232","article-title":"Plastic changes induced by muscle focal vibration: a possible mechanism for long-term motor improvements","volume":"17","author":"Filippi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"231","article-title":"Focal vibration in neurorehabilitation","volume":"50","author":"Murillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3688-8","article-title":"Acute and chronic neuromuscular adaptations to local vibration training","volume":"117","author":"Souron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-006-0101-2","article-title":"Improvement of posture stability by vibratory stimulation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"14","author":"Brunetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knee Surgery Sport Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"596","article-title":"Focal vibration of quadriceps muscle enhances leg power and decreases knee joint laxity in female volleyball players","volume":"52","author":"Brunetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"118","article-title":"Effects of focal vibration on bone mineral density and motor performance of postmenopausal osteoporotic women","volume":"55","author":"Brunetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04320-w","article-title":"Sensory inflow manipulation induces learning-like phenomena in motor behavior","volume":"120","author":"Contemori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0250-5","article-title":"Motor performance changes induced by muscle vibration","volume":"98","author":"Fattorini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.08.139","article-title":"Improvement of stance control and muscle performance induced by focal muscle vibration in young-elderly women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Filippi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.07.025","article-title":"Long-term effects on motor cortical excitability induced by repeated muscle vibration during contraction in healthy subjects","volume":"275","author":"Marconi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.057","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of neck muscle vibration and contraction on self-motion perception of vestibular origin","volume":"126","author":"Pettorossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.044","article-title":"Learning without training","volume":"23","author":"Beste","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9000","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0120-12.2012","article-title":"Modulation of proprioceptive integration in the motor cortex shapes human motor learning","volume":"32","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.5.1001","article-title":"Subjective body orientation in neglect and the interactive contribution of neck muscle proprioception and vestibular stimulation","volume":"117","author":"Karnath","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(03)42018-9","article-title":"Modulation and rehabilitation of spatial neglect by sensory stimulation","volume":"142","author":"Kerkhoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00895","article-title":"Neck proprioception shapes body orientation and perception of motion","volume":"8","author":"Pettorossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.01075","article-title":"The effectiveness of proprioceptive training for improving motor function: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Aman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102930","article-title":"Effects of low vs. high frequency local vibration on mild-moderate muscle spasticity: Ultrasonographical and functional evaluation in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Ayvat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.04.002","article-title":"Focal muscle vibration in the treatment of upper limb spasticity: a pilot randomized controlled trial in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"93","author":"Caliandro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359126","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/359126","article-title":"Quantitative effects of repeated muscle vibrations on gait pattern in a 5-year-old child with cerebral palsy","volume":"2011","author":"Camerota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.025","article-title":"Focal muscle vibration, an effective rehabilitative approach in severe gait impairment due to multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Camerota","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"495","article-title":"Localized 100 Hz vibration improves function and reduces upper limb spasticity: a double-blind controlled study","volume":"50","author":"Casale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"e125","article-title":"Preliminary evidence of focal muscle vibration effects on spasticity due to cerebral palsy in a small sample of Italian children","volume":"162","author":"Celletti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.7417\/CT.2017.1979","article-title":"Focal muscle vibration and progressive modular rebalancing with neurokinetic facilitations in post- stroke recovery of upper limb","volume":"168","author":"Celletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.16.04211-8","article-title":"Short-term effect of local muscle vibration treatment versus sham therapy on upper limb in chronic post-stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Costantino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2103096","article-title":"Brain oscillatory activity correlates with the relief of post-stroke spasticity following focal vibration","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2010-0541","article-title":"Vibration-induced effects in stroke patients with spastic hemiparesis - a pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Liepert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310376757","article-title":"Long-term effects on cortical excitability and motor recovery induced by repeated muscle vibration in chronic stroke patients","volume":"25","author":"Marconi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-022-00483-0","article-title":"Acceptability and impact on spasticity of a single session of upper extremity vibration in individuals with tetraplegia","volume":"8","author":"Mirecki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0946","article-title":"Anti-spastic effects of the direct application of vibratory stimuli to the spastic muscles of hemiplegic limbs in post-stroke patients: a proof-of-principle study","volume":"44","author":"Noma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513480956","article-title":"Does giving segmental muscle vibration alter the response to botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis? A single-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Paoloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141131","article-title":"Segmental muscle vibration modifies muscle activation during reaching in chronic stroke: a pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Paoloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206027","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1206027","article-title":"Relief of post-stroke spasticity with acute vibrotactile stimulation: controlled crossover study of muscle and skin stimulus methods","volume":"17","author":"Seim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567833","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.567833","article-title":"Motor recovery after stroke: from a Vespa scooter ride over the Roman Sampietrini to focal muscle vibration (fMV) treatment. A 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and neurophysiological case study","volume":"11","author":"Toscano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr0820114695","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.08.2011.4695","article-title":"Vibration therapy of the plantar fascia improves spasticity of the lower limbs of a patient with fetal-type Minamata disease in the chronic stage","volume":"2011","author":"Usuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3385","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003385","article-title":"Three case reports of successful vibration therapy of the plantar fascia for spasticity due to cerebral palsy-like syndrome, Fetal-type Minamata disease","volume":"95","author":"Usuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2019.8779566","article-title":"Effects of focal vibration and robotic assistive therapy on upper limb spasticity in incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"2019","author":"Vojinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Rehab. Robotics"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Prevalence and management of poststroke spasticity in Thai stroke patients: a multicenter study","volume":"92","author":"Dajpratham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thail"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr512oa","article-title":"Prevalence of spasticity post stroke","volume":"16","author":"Watkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000350","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"133","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e31829734f2","article-title":"Forecasting the future of stroke in the United States: a policy statement from the American heart association and American stroke association","volume":"44","author":"Ovbiagele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","article-title":"Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery","volume":"47","author":"Winstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-192863","article-title":"Effectiveness of focal muscle vibration on hemiplegic upper extremity spasticity in individuals with stroke: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Alashram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Rehabilitation."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06390-X","article-title":"Localized muscle vibration in the treatment of motor impairment and spasticity in post-stroke patients: a systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Avvantaggiato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S152543","article-title":"Vibration therapy in patients with cerebral palsy: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Ritzmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i4086","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4086","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"21","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Esp Nutr Humana y Diet"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01194-7","article-title":"A systematic review of collective tactical behaviours in football using positional data","volume":"50","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2021.101579","article-title":"Time course response after single injection of botulinum toxin to treat spasticity after stroke: systematic review with pharmacodynamic model-based meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Ojardias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.10.015","article-title":"Muscular forearm activation in hand-grip tasks with superimposition of mechanical vibrations","volume":"26","author":"Fattorini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2016.07.009","article-title":"Muscular synchronization and hand-arm fatigue","volume":"62","author":"Fattorini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.08.053","article-title":"Maintenance of balance between motor cortical excitation and inhibition after long-term training","volume":"336","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.01.007","article-title":"Intracortical inhibition increases during postural task execution in response to balance training","volume":"401","author":"Mouthon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00925.2002","article-title":"Role of intracortical inhibition in selective hand muscle activation","volume":"89","author":"Stinear","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00935","article-title":"A plasticity induced in the human spinal cord by focal muscle vibration","volume":"9","author":"Rocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00115","article-title":"Short-term effects of focal muscle vibration on motor recovery after acute stroke: a pilot randomized sham-controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Toscano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1963.26.1.177","article-title":"The response to vibration of the end organs of mammalian muscle spindles","volume":"26","author":"Bianconi","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011581","article-title":"The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration during isometric contraction","volume":"261","author":"Burke","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239377","article-title":"Kinaesthetic role of muscle afferents in man, studied by tendon vibration and microneurography","volume":"47","author":"Roll","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20796","article-title":"Vibration sensitivity of human muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs","volume":"36","author":"Fallon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1330-3","article-title":"Focal reduction of intracortical inhibition in motor cortex by selective proprioceptive stimulation","volume":"149","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"Mammalian muscle receptors and their central action","author":"Matthews","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2015.18","article-title":"The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning","volume":"17","author":"Smolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00120","article-title":"Spasticity, motor recovery, and neural plasticity after stroke","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193419878973","article-title":"Preferred options and evidence for upper limb surgery for spasticity in cerebral palsy, stroke, and brain injury","volume":"45","author":"Tranchida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.0090s1003.x","article-title":"The pathophysiology of spasticity","volume":"9","author":"Sheean","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol Suppl"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1579118\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:14:35Z","timestamp":1749010475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1579118\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1579118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1579118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"article-number":"1579118"}}