{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:18:49Z","timestamp":1785453529785,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The temporal dynamics of the vessel wall in intracranial arterial disease (ICAD) may differ depending on the etiology. We investigated temporal changes in narrowed intracranial arteries after ischemic stroke using serial high-resolution vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively recruited patients with ICAD-related ischemic stroke who underwent two or more HR-VWI scans. The lumen area (LA), total vessel area (TVA), and enhancing area (EA) of the narrowest part of the culprit lesion were manually segmented. Degree of stenosis was estimated as [1-LA\/TVA]\u202f\u00d7\u202f100(%), the enhancing proportion as EA\/TVA\u202f\u00d7\u202f100(%), and enhancement ratio as (T1GD<jats:sub>lesion<\/jats:sub>\/T1GD<jats:sub>ref<\/jats:sub>)\/(T1<jats:sub>lesion<\/jats:sub>\/T1<jats:sub>ref<\/jats:sub>). Linear mixed models were used to investigate temporal changes in these parameters and whether such changes differed by etiologies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of a total of 208 patients, ICAD-related stroke was caused by atherosclerosis (69%), arterial dissection (24%), vasculitis (3%), moyamoya disease (1%), and other (2%). The median follow-up was 319 [IQR, 125\u2013409] days. HR-VWI imaging parameters, namely, degree of stenosis, enhancing proportion, and enhancement ratio showed a trend to decrease over time. Patients with intracranial dissection as a cause of intracranial narrowing showed a faster reduction in degree of stenosis and enhancing proportion vs. when such narrowing was identified as due to atherosclerosis (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> [95% CI], \u22120.59%[\u22120.80%\u202f~\u202f\u22120.38%] and \u22120.81%[\u22121.23%\u202f~\u202f\u22120.39%], respectively, both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). The enhancement ratio did not change over time in dissection, while it decreased in atherosclerosis (\u22120.01 [\u22120.02\u202f~\u202f0], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intracranial vessel narrowing in patients with ischemic stroke changes over time with different stroke etiologies having their own unique temporal patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1583857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T04:10:20Z","timestamp":1750047020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Temporal changes in symptomatic intracranial arterial disease: a longitudinal high-resolution vessel wall imaging study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dong-Wan","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonguk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hyun","family":"Baik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheolkyu","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijoy K.","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae W.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon-Ku","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Joon","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beom Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2009.00415.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of intracranial stenosis","volume":"19","author":"Suri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21768","article-title":"Intracranial atherosclerotic disease: an update","volume":"66","author":"Qureshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.505776","article-title":"Large artery intracranial occlusive disease: a large worldwide burden but a relatively neglected frontier","volume":"39","author":"Gorelick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2018.00150","article-title":"Intracranial large artery disease of non-atherosclerotic origin: recent Progress and clinical implications","volume":"20","author":"Bang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-017-1925-9","article-title":"High-resolution vessel wall MRI for the evaluation of intracranial atherosclerotic disease","volume":"59","author":"de Havenon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4893","article-title":"Intracranial Vessel Wall MRI: principles and expert consensus recommendations of the American Society of Neuroradiology","volume":"38","author":"Mandell","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2023.02481","article-title":"Emerging concept of intracranial arterial diseases: the role of high resolution Vessel Wall MRI","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Stroke."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03093-7","article-title":"Utility of high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging in differentiating between atherosclerotic plaques, vasculitis, and arterial dissection","volume":"65","author":"Tritanon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01432-0","article-title":"High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for the follow-up of intracranial arterial dissections","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-320893","article-title":"Intensive statin treatment in acute Ischaemic stroke patients with intracranial atherosclerosis: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study (STAMINA-MRI study)","volume":"91","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-019-02190-4","article-title":"Temporal course and implications of intracranial atherosclerotic plaque enhancement on high-resolution vessel wall MRI","volume":"61","author":"Kwee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2015.17.1.38","article-title":"Case characteristics, hyperacute treatment, and outcome information from the clinical research center for stroke-fifth division registry in South Korea","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2015.17.3.238","article-title":"Vessel Wall imaging of the intracranial and cervical carotid arteries","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2176\/jns-nmc.2022-0072","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for Moyamoya disease \u22122021 revised version","volume":"62","author":"Kuroda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00930-2","article-title":"Vessel wall imaging features of Moyamoya disease in a north American population: patterns of negative remodelling, contrast enhancement, wall thickening, and stenosis","volume":"22","author":"Larson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3909","article-title":"High-resolution MRI vessel wall imaging: spatial and temporal patterns of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis","volume":"35","author":"Obusez","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000135649","article-title":"Vessel wall contrast enhancement: a diagnostic sign of cerebral vasculitis","volume":"26","author":"Kuker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2012.00743.x","article-title":"Black blood MRI in suspected large artery primary angiitis of the central nervous system","volume":"23","author":"Pfefferkorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312020","article-title":"High-resolution intracranial vessel wall imaging: imaging beyond the lumen","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13122812","article-title":"Intracranial plaque enhancement in patients with cerebrovascular events on high-spatial-resolution MR images","volume":"271","author":"Qiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","article-title":"User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22592","article-title":"Intracranial arterial wall imaging using three-dimensional high isotropic resolution black blood MRI at 3.0 tesla","volume":"34","author":"Qiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-470","article-title":"Vessel wall MR imaging of intracranial atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3209","article-title":"Intracranial atherosclerotic plaque enhancement in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"34","author":"Skarpathiotakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2020.06.024","article-title":"Intracranial vessel wall MR imaging of an intradural vertebral artery dissection","volume":"68","author":"Atsina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2022.03489","article-title":"Thrombus enhancement sign may differentiate embolism from arteriosclerosis-related large vessel occlusion","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106302","article-title":"Structural changes of intra and extracranial artery dissection: a study of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"31","author":"Hanim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09218-z","article-title":"Efficacy of medical treatment and balloon angioplasty for severe intracranial atherosclerosis: a high-resolution MR vessel wall imaging","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03002-y","article-title":"Follow-up assessment of atherosclerotic plaques in acute ischemic stroke patients using high-resolution vessel wall MR imaging","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1159\/000523725","article-title":"Predicting stenosis aggravation in follow-up high-resolution magnetic resonance images of patients with intracranial atherosclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.ra.23-00003","article-title":"Complexity of inflammation in the trajectory of vascular disease: interleukin 6 and beyond","volume":"16","author":"Sano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1583857\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T04:10:21Z","timestamp":1750047021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1583857\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1583857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1583857","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"article-number":"1583857"}}