{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:07:24Z","timestamp":1753891644490,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effect of visual stimulation on epilepsy susceptibility in neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury (HBIN) rats and its underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy-five 2-day-old Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control (N, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f25), model (NH, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f25), and visual stimulation (NH-V, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f25). The NH and NH-V groups were injected with insulin (40\u202fU\/kg) on postnatal days 2, 4, and 6, and blood glucose was monitored. The NH-V group received daily 2-h visual stimulation from P14 to P28. At P21, brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was injected to induce seizures and recorded at P28. Brain tissue was analyzed for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Synaptophysin (SYN) expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>(i) In the NH and NH-V groups, blood glucose decreased after insulin injection, with behavioral changes observed at 1\u20134\u202fh. One rat in the NH group had spontaneous seizures. (ii) MRI at 15\u202fdays showed occipital lobe abnormalities in 50% of NH rats, with no changes in controls. (iii) In PTZ-induced seizures, the N group had significantly lower seizure scores than the NH group, with the NH-V group showing further reduction. (iv) BDNF and SYN expression were higher in the NH-V group compared to the NH group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visual stimulation reduces epilepsy susceptibility in neonatal HBIN rats, likely through upregulation of BDNF and SYN expression in the occipital cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1587200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T05:23:57Z","timestamp":1750051437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of visual stimulation on epilepsy susceptibility in neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury rats during development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianming","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2001.0044","article-title":"Hypoglycemic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Vannucci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2005.04.003","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycaemia: clinical and legal aspects","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2822","article-title":"Patterns of cerebral injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes after symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"122","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.08.016","article-title":"Perinatal occipital lobe injury in children: analysis of twenty-one cases","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3107","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury is a cause of infantile spasms","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"127","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemic brain - injury a common cause of infantile onset remote symptomatic epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Udani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.05.010","article-title":"Electroclinical spectrum of childhood epilepsy secondary to neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury in a low resource setting: a 10-year experience","volume":"79","author":"Kapoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.159187","article-title":"Parieto-occipital encephalomalacia in children; 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