{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:07:26Z","timestamp":1753891646586,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Color vision and memory are potential markers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD); however, information regarding their changes in early AD remains limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate color recognition memory in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), and older adults with normal cognition, as well as to assess its diagnostic properties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 27 participants with mild dementia (MD), 25 with MCI, and 25 older adults with normal cognition who served as the control group (CG). Participants completed the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and the Alzheimer\u2019s disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog 13) for cognitive assessment; delayed word recall (after 30\u202fmin), the Ishihara test, and a color recognition memory test were also administered. The color recognition memory test was performed using a basic 12-color kit displayed on a computer screen. Color recognition was evaluated after 5 and 30\u202fmin using four initial stimuli and four new colors from the 12-color kit. Participants were required to recognize which of the eight randomly presented colors they had previously seen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences were observed in the total error scores for color recognition memory among the three groups. Medians (interquartile range) for CG, MCI, and MD groups were 2 (2), 4 (2), and 5 (3) respectively. A Kruskal\u2013Wallis test returned a significant <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001); <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic> analysis of group pairs was then conducted for CG and MCI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), MCI and MD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.007), and CG and MD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Using demographic information and ADAS-Cog 13 scores as predictors, a multinomial logistic regression model accurately categorized 77.9% of cases (96% of CG, 64% of MCI, and 74.1% of MD cases). Adding the color memory total error score to the model improved accuracy to 84.4% (100% of CG, 76% of MCI, and 77.8% of MD cases).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Color recognition memory test results differed significantly between participants with normal cognition and those with MCI and early AD. Therefore, it may help in the early diagnosis of AD as a simple, non-invasive diagnostic marker.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1589335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T04:11:45Z","timestamp":1748319105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Color memory as a diagnostic test for mild cognitive impairment and early stage of Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Vaiva","family":"Sutnikiene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egle","family":"Audronyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyte","family":"Pakulaite-Kazliene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gintaras","family":"Kaubrys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2017"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","article-title":"2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.10.005","article-title":"Gender and incidence of dementia in the Framingham heart study from mid-adult life","volume":"11","author":"Ch\u00eane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"volume-title":"World Alzheimer report 2021: Journey through the diagnosis of dementia","year":"2021","author":"Gauthier","key":"ref4"},{"volume-title":"The 2019 national memory service audit","year":"2019","author":"Cook","key":"ref5"},{"volume-title":"World Alzheimer report 2024: Global changes in attitudes to dementia","year":"2024","author":"Evans-Lacko","key":"ref6"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.06.004","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the human eye. 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