{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:39:59Z","timestamp":1790969999686,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multisensory integration enables the brain to integrate information from different sensory modalities while enhancing perception. This principle relies on phenomena of neuroplasticity (i.e., the ability of neuronal networks in the brain to adapt to changing environmental conditions) and is crucial for visual rehabilitation, particularly in hemianopia and retinal degeneration. Here we review emerging experimental approaches and their translational potential for vision recovery in visually impaired patients. Rehabilitation strategies incorporating multisensory training, optogenetics, and pharmacological interventions have demonstrated to be instrumental in restoring visual function by leveraging plasticity of inputs from different sensory modalities. Emerging technologies such as virtual reality and auditory\u2013visual stimulation further optimize neural reorganization. Future research should focus on refining these interventions to enhance sensory compensation and recovery. Understanding the role of multisensory ganglion cells and retinal circuits may unlock new strategies for improving visual function in visually impaired individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1590305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T16:07:56Z","timestamp":1752163676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Multisensory integration, brain plasticity and optogenetics in visual rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Lucchesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Fernando","family":"Maya-Vetencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Rusciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-18-06982.2003","article-title":"Multisensory integration during motor planning","volume":"23","author":"Sober","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"What can multisensory processing tell us about the functional Organization of Auditory Cortex?","volume-title":"The neural bases of multisensory processes","author":"Bizley","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00175-0","article-title":"Multisensory integration: perceptual grouping by eye and ear","volume":"11","author":"King","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e943","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000943","article-title":"Causal inference in multisensory perception","volume":"2","author":"K\u00f6rding","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/15.5.22","article-title":"Sensory reliability shapes perceptual inference via two mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Rohe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn848","article-title":"Cross-modal plasticity: where and how?","volume":"3","author":"Bavelier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00192","article-title":"Visual rehabilitation: visual scanning, multisensory stimulation and vision restoration trainings","volume":"9","author":"Dundon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120141","article-title":"Crossmodal plasticity following short-term monocular deprivation","volume":"274","author":"Federici","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031138","article-title":"Retinal plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Strettoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104119","article-title":"The role of selective attention in cross-modal interactions between auditory and visual features","volume":"196","author":"Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068959","article-title":"An fMRI study of audiovisual speech perception reveals multisensory interactions in auditory cortex","volume":"8","author":"Okada","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652611","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.652611","article-title":"Multisensory integration as per technological advances: a review","volume":"15","author":"Cornelio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0962-22.2022","article-title":"Ameliorating hemianopia with multisensory training","volume":"43","author":"Rowland","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15041","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315041","article-title":"Optogenetic therapy for visual restoration","volume":"23","author":"Sakai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140203","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0203","article-title":"Dissecting neural circuits for multisensory integration and crossmodal processing","volume":"370","author":"Yau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179069517703354","DOI":"10.1177\/1179069517703354","article-title":"Optogenetic modulation of intracellular Signalling and transcription: focus on neuronal plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Eleftheriou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113817","article-title":"The development and application of Optogenetics","volume":"34","author":"Fenno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3171","article-title":"Optogenetic investigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models","volume":"13","author":"Tye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.06.004","article-title":"Optogenetics in neural systems","volume":"71","author":"Yizhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190897","article-title":"Genetic reactivation of cone photoreceptors restores visual responses in retinitis Pigmentosa","volume":"329","author":"Busskamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2117","article-title":"Light-activated channels targeted to ON bipolar cells restore visual function in retinal degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Lagali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8736","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26568-1","article-title":"Optogenetic auditory fMRI reveals the effects of visual cortical inputs on auditory midbrain response","volume":"8","author":"Leong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.026","article-title":"Sound-driven synaptic inhibition in primary visual cortex","volume":"73","author":"Iurilli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.01.039","article-title":"Sound induces change in orientation preference of V1 neurons: audio-visual cross-influence","volume":"404","author":"Chanauria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00069.2019","article-title":"Pure tones modulate the representation of orientation and direction in the primary visual cortex","volume":"121","author":"McClure","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.027","article-title":"Cross-modality sharpening of visual cortical processing through Layer-1-mediated inhibition and disinhibition","volume":"89","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.06.010","article-title":"Cellular and synaptic architecture of multisensory integration in the mouse neocortex","volume":"79","author":"Olcese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-20191494","article-title":"Temperature-based crossmodal correspondences: causes and consequences","volume":"33","author":"Spence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multisens Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-015-9301-1","article-title":"Multisensory stimulation to improve low- and higher-level sensory deficits after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Tinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Auditory\/visual integration assessment and treatment in brain injury rehabilitation","volume-title":"Traumatic brain injury","author":"Zelinsky","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00036.2012","article-title":"Environment and brain plasticity: towards an endogenous pharmacotherapy","volume":"94","author":"Sale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4840","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0845-04.2004","article-title":"Acceleration of visual system development by environmental enrichment","volume":"24","author":"Cancedda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.193","article-title":"Nurturing brain plasticity: impact of environmental enrichment","volume":"17","author":"Baroncelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313385111","article-title":"Environmental enrichment extends ocular dominance plasticity into adulthood and protects from stroke-induced impairments of plasticity","volume":"111","author":"Greifzu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5822","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3534-16.2017","article-title":"Environmental enrichment rescues binocular matching of orientation preference in the mouse visual cortex","volume":"37","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68581-4","article-title":"Amblyopia","volume":"367","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006460.pub3","article-title":"Conventional occlusion versus pharmacologic penalization for amblyopia","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1787","article-title":"Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits","volume":"6","author":"Hensch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/631965","article-title":"Visual cortex plasticity: a complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences","volume":"2012","author":"Maya-Vetencourt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4137\/JEN.S12958","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms at the basis of plasticity in the developing visual cortex: epigenetic processes and gene programs","volume":"7","author":"Maya-Vetencourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Neurosci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/605079","article-title":"Gene expression patterns underlying the reinstatement of plasticity in the adult visual system","volume":"2013","author":"Tiraboschi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1899","article-title":"Environmental enrichment in adulthood promotes amblyopia recovery through a reduction of Intracortical inhibition","volume":"10","author":"Sale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.698","article-title":"A new counterintuitive training for adult amblyopia","volume":"6","author":"Lunghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afad067","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad067","article-title":"Long-term beneficial impact of the randomized trial 'train the brain', a motor\/cognitive intervention in mild cognitive impairment people: effects at the 14-month follow-up","volume":"52","author":"Sale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57809","DOI":"10.2196\/57809","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality motor-cognitive training for older people with cognitive frailty: multicentered randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Kwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90431","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90431","article-title":"Optogenetic activation of visual thalamus generates artificial visual percepts","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0872-18.2018","article-title":"Optogenetic stimulation of the superior colliculus confers retinal neuroprotection in a mouse Glaucoma model","volume":"39","author":"Geeraerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138071","article-title":"Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices","volume":"315","author":"Buschman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/9.13.18","article-title":"Top-down flow of visual spatial attention signals from parietal to occipital cortex","volume":"9","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00677.2006","article-title":"Neural correlates of sustained spatial attention in human early visual cortex","volume":"97","author":"Silver","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06389-6","article-title":"Functional modulation of primary visual cortex by the superior colliculus in the mouse","volume":"9","author":"Ahmadlou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00545","article-title":"Top-down control of visual attention by the prefrontal cortex. Functional specialization and long-range interactions","volume":"11","author":"Paneri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1642-z","article-title":"The prefrontal cortex and the executive control of attention","volume":"192","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24241-2","article-title":"Organization of the Inputs and Outputs of the mouse superior colliculus","volume":"12","author":"Benavidez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130068","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0068","article-title":"Control of the superior colliculus by the lateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"368","author":"Everling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"475","article-title":"The role of the human pulvinar in visual attention and action: evidence from temporal-order judgment, saccade decision, and antisaccade tasks","volume-title":"Progress in brain research","author":"Arend","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.11.008","article-title":"The Pulvinar as a hub of visual processing and cortical integration","volume":"47","author":"Cortes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.11.023","article-title":"Engagement of Pulvino-cortical feedforward and feedback pathways in cognitive computations","volume":"101","author":"Jaramillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00067","article-title":"Fast detector\/first responder: interactions between the superior colliculus-Pulvinar pathway and stimuli relevant to Primates","volume":"11","author":"Soares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.034","article-title":"Pulvinar-cortex interactions in vision and attention","volume":"89","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.10.003","article-title":"Adaptive Pulvinar circuitry supports visual cognition","volume":"20","author":"Bridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223082","article-title":"The Pulvinar regulates information transmission between cortical areas based on attention demands","volume":"337","author":"Saalmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254126","article-title":"Long-range and local circuits for top-down modulation of visual cortex processing","volume":"345","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.09.019","article-title":"Prefrontal Corticotectal neurons enhance visual processing through the superior colliculus and Pulvinar thalamus","volume":"104","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15317-6","article-title":"Optogenetic restoration of retinal ganglion cell activity in the living primate","volume":"11","author":"McGregor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01351-4","article-title":"Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after Optogenetic therapy","volume":"27","author":"Sahel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02725-7","article-title":"D-Cycloserine enhances the bidirectional range of NMDAR-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity","volume":"14","author":"Vestring","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5926","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065926","article-title":"Neuropharmacological modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate, noradrenaline and endocannabinoid receptors in fear extinction learning: synaptic transmission and plasticity","volume":"24","author":"Battaglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050639","article-title":"NMDA receptor antagonists: emerging insights into molecular mechanisms and clinical applications in neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Egunlusi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135516","article-title":"Synaptic mechanisms for plasticity in neocortex","volume":"32","author":"Feldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12112506","article-title":"Harnessing brain plasticity: the therapeutic power of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and Theta burst stimulation (TBS) in neurotransmitter modulation, receptor dynamics, and neuroimaging for neurological innovations","volume":"12","author":"Sharbafshaaer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02143-4","article-title":"Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity","volume":"25","author":"Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2021.6348","article-title":"Comparison of brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in depressed patients treated with fluoxetine and sertraline","volume":"9","author":"Lisal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083328","article-title":"Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants","volume":"301","author":"Santarelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150516","article-title":"The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity in the adult visual cortex","volume":"320","author":"Maya-Vetencourt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2799","article-title":"Structural basis for the role of inhibition in facilitating adult brain plasticity","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-024-03680-y","article-title":"Comparing the effect of fluoxetine, Escitalopram, and sertraline, on the level of BDNF and depression in preclinical and clinical studies: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Talaee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a key molecule for memory in the healthy and the pathological brain","volume":"13","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00582-9","article-title":"Bdnf impact on synaptic dynamics: extra or intracellular long-term release differently regulates cultured hippocampal synapses","volume":"13","author":"Rauti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0510-4","article-title":"BDNF: a key factor with multipotent impact on brain signaling and synaptic plasticity","volume":"38","author":"Kowia\u0144ski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-6009-9_13","article-title":"Cognition enhancers, psychostimulants, and psychedelic drugs","volume-title":"Introduction to basics of pharmacology and toxicology","author":"Ananthy","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028","article-title":"Modafinil for cognitive Neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Battleday","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301534","article-title":"Modafinil: a review of neurochemical actions and effects on cognition","volume":"33","author":"Minzenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2023.173618","article-title":"Atomoxetine promotes incentive value of Modafinil and sensitizes exploratory behavior","volume":"230","author":"Yepez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00128","article-title":"Cholinergic potentiation improves perceptual-cognitive training of healthy young adults in three dimensional multiple object tracking","volume":"11","author":"Chamoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2007.01.004","article-title":"Auditory associative memory and representational plasticity in the primary auditory cortex","volume":"229","author":"Weinberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00066","article-title":"The benefits of cholinergic enhancement during perceptual learning are long-lasting","volume":"7","author":"Rokem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.383","article-title":"Cortical excitability correlates with seizure control and epilepsy duration in chronic epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Pawley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2011.07.005","article-title":"Synapsins: from synapse to network Hyperexcitability and epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Fassio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.24","article-title":"Epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Devinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040735","article-title":"Dopamine: the neuromodulator of long-term synaptic plasticity, reward and movement control","volume":"10","author":"Speranza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06289","article-title":"A synaptic memory trace for cortical receptive field plasticity","volume":"450","author":"Froemke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1509-3","article-title":"Plasticity in the adult brain: lessons from the visual system","volume":"192","author":"Spolidoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00020","article-title":"The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs","volume":"8","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pyae057","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae057","article-title":"Psychedelics for the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: efficacy and proposed mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852924002268","article-title":"The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges","volume":"29","author":"Scala","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01744-z","article-title":"Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression","volume":"28","author":"Daws","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.009","article-title":"Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Increases Envy and Schadenfreude (gloating)","volume":"66","author":"Shamay-Tsoory","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.11.008","article-title":"Intranasal oxytocin effects on social cognition: a critique","volume":"1580","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-020-00214-5","article-title":"The role of intranasal oxytocin on social cognition: an integrative human lifespan approach","volume":"7","author":"Horta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01366","article-title":"Embodied precision: intranasal oxytocin modulates multisensory integration","volume":"31","author":"Crucianelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214592","article-title":"Fear erasure in mice requires synergy between antidepressant drugs and extinction training","volume":"334","author":"Karpova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11091121","article-title":"Melatonin: from neurobiology to treatment","volume":"11","author":"Biggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10605","article-title":"Melatonin regulates neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus","volume":"72","author":"El-Sherif","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04408.x","article-title":"Melatonin inhibits hippocampal long-term potentiation","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175543","article-title":"Chronic treatment with melatonin improves hippocampal neurogenesis in the aged brain and under neurodegeneration","volume":"27","author":"Cach\u00e1n-Vega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1590305\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T16:07:57Z","timestamp":1752163677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1590305\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1590305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1590305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"article-number":"1590305"}}