{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:54:57Z","timestamp":1771307697705,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies suggest that the dopamine agonist (DA) rotigotine improves sleep among Parkinson disease (PD) patients. Parkinson\u2019s KinetiGraph (PKG) offers a home-based alternative for evaluating sleep. We investigated the effect of rotigotine on sleep in PD patients with PKG and questionnaires. Secondarily, the effects of rotigotine on daytime sleepiness, motor symptoms, quality of life and correlations between PKG variables and rating scale results were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-two PD patients with sleep disturbances (Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S)\u202f\u2265\u202f3) were included in this observational study. Before start of treatment and during stable dose with rotigotine patients were assessed with Parkinson\u2019s disease sleep scale 2 (PDSS-2), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Parkinson\u2019s disease quality of life questionnaire (PDQ-8), European Quality of life five dimensions (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaires and PKG recordings (24\u202fh\/day for 6\u202fdays). Clinicians evaluated sleep using CGI scales, and PD severity using Clinical Impression of Severity Index for Parkinson\u2019s Disease (CISI-PD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rotigotine did not significantly improve total PDSS-2 or PKG nighttime scores in the entire group, but PDSS-2 improved among patients with PDSS-2\u202f\u2265\u202f18 at baseline and for DA-na\u00efve patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.009 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.013). Treatment improved percent time tremor (PTT; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), percent time immobile during daytime (PTI<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), CISI-PD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), PDQ-8 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.014), and EQ-5D-5L (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.002). No significant correlations were found between PTI<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub> and ESS-total (\u03c1\u202f=\u202f\u22120.046, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.718) or between combined sleep score (CSS) and PDSS-2 total (\u03c1\u202f=\u202f\u22120.065, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.612).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rotigotine improved sleep in patients with a baseline PDSS-2\u202f\u2265\u202f18 and in DA-na\u00efve patients, but not in the whole study group. Additionally, rotigotine seemed to improve motor function and quality of life. PTI<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub> improved with treatment. Whether the improved PTI<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub> reflects a positive impact on daytime sleepiness or just improved mobility and to what extent PKG nighttime scores accurately represent sleep variables remains to be investigated in further studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1591537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:28:52Z","timestamp":1748352532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of rotigotine on sleep in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: a Parkinson\u2019s KinetiGraph 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