{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:45:22Z","timestamp":1770842722893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the best evidence for non-pharmacological interventions targeting mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD-MCI), thereby informing the development of cognitive management strategies for this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases (e.g., UpToDate, BMJ Best Practice, and Cochrane Library) up to November 2024. Two researchers independently screened literature, assessed quality using standardized tools (AGREE II, JBI criteria), and graded evidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen studies were included (five guidelines, two clinical decisions, two systematic reviews, one meta-analysis, and three RCTs). Twenty evidence points were categorized into six themes: safety\/efficacy, assessment, cognitive training, exercise, health education, and multi-strategy approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study consolidates evidence supporting non-pharmacological interventions for PD-MCI, offering actionable recommendations for clinical practice to delay progression to Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia (PDD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1598974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T05:27:02Z","timestamp":1751520422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Summary of the best evidence for non-pharmaceutical interventions for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yud Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya Xian","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun Xia","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinmei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li Mei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010498","article-title":"Pathobiology of cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: challenges and outlooks","volume":"25","author":"Jellinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1159\/000515393","article-title":"The burden of dementia due to down syndrome, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injury: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"55","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12503-0","article-title":"German Society of Neurology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment and affective disorders in people with Parkinson's disease: new spotlights on diagnostic procedures and non-pharmacological interventions","volume":"271","author":"Kalbe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.16821\/j.cnki.hsjx.2017.21.025","article-title":"Components of evidence-based questions","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nurse Train"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmed-2016-110447","article-title":"EBHC pyramid 5.0 for accessing preappraised evidence and guidance","volume":"21","author":"Alper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid Based Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E839","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090449","article-title":"AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care","volume":"182","author":"Brouwers","year":"2010","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.05.025","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurodegenerative disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"128","author":"Ruiz-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1152","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4852","article-title":"The AGREE reporting checklist: a tool to improve reporting of clinical practice guidelines","volume":"352","author":"Beouwers","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.16821\/j.cnki.hsjx.2018.08.008","article-title":"Quality assessment tools for different types of studies from the JBI evidence-based healthcare center: methodological quality evaluation of systematic reviews","volume":"33","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nurse Training"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-0152.2021.01.001","article-title":"Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease (2020 edition)","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"148","article-title":"Research progress on non-pharmacological interventions for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Geriatr Heart Brain Vessel Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3870\/zgkf.2023.03.005","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of virtual reality technology combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Rehabil"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105330","article-title":"Multidomain cognitive training increases physical activity in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"113","author":"Bode","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09473-1","article-title":"Sleep disorders and cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analytic study","volume":"31","author":"Maggi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-22-102","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of transitional care interventions on the prognosis of patients with heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.03.013","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive reserve in Parkinson's disease","volume":"17","author":"Poletti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.19845\/j.cnki.zfysjjbzz.2024.0014","article-title":"Research progress on the impact of exercise on Parkinson's disease","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171241233095","article-title":"Effects of tai-chi on quality of life in people with neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials","volume":"38","author":"Navas-Otero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.53738\/REVMED.2025.21.902.105","article-title":"Neuror\u00e9adaptation dans la maladie de Parkinson: focus Sur la physioth\u00e9rapie [neurorehabilitation in Parkinson's disease: focus on physical therapy]","volume":"21","author":"Zacharia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Med Suisse"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.25038","article-title":"Comparison of impact of various exercise modalities on Parkinson's disease","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102366","article-title":"The effect of the Mediterranean diet on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized clinical controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"Paknahad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2019.07.006","article-title":"Nutritional ketosis for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a controlled pilot trial","volume":"1","author":"Krikorian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2023.2259680","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of vitamin D in Parkinson's disease: association or causation","volume":"27","author":"Hafiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00303","article-title":"Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI): a useful summary of update knowledge","volume":"11","author":"Cammisuli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3870\/zgkf.2022.03.008","article-title":"Clinical efficacy analysis of dual task training for patients with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Rehabil"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"2918","article-title":"Cognitive training China guidelines (2022 edition)","volume":"102","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Med"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"30","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease (guideline of the German Society for Neurology)","volume-title":"Neurol Res Pract","author":"H\u00f6glinger","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E989","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.181504","article-title":"Canadian guideline for Parkinson disease","volume":"191","author":"Grimes","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02113-w","article-title":"Non-pharmacological management of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"127","author":"Pup\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2020.01.001","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson disease","volume":"36","author":"Goldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101671","article-title":"Computerized cognitive training in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Gavelin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2022.05.014","article-title":"Effects of tai chi and qigong on cognition in neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317712468","article-title":"Cognitive training and noninvasive brain stimulation for cognition in Parkinson's disease: a Meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10568-9","article-title":"Memory enhancement by multidomain group cognitive training in patients with Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment: long-term effects of a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"268","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.13359\/j.cnki.gzxbtcm.2020.11.019","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial repetitive needle stimulation in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Guangzhou Univ Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-1648.2021.01.009","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on mild cognitive dysfunction in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6190","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196190","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in mild cognitive impairment: effects on cognitive functions-a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Sharbafshaaer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1598974\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T05:27:09Z","timestamp":1751520429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1598974\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1598974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1598974","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"article-number":"1598974"}}