{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:58:23Z","timestamp":1793926703312,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), an extreme form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP), significantly impairs the quality of life of affected individuals. This review examines the multifactorial etiology of the HG and evaluates the efficacy of non-traditional therapeutic approaches, namely, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and electroacupuncture. By synthesizing a comprehensive body of literature, we highlight the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these therapies and propose a novel model for the HG management. The model focuses on vagus nerve modulation through targeted stimulation at the auricular and cervical points, suggesting a promising avenue for effective and safe treatment strategies against the NVP\/HG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1615635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:23:42Z","timestamp":1760502222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electroacupuncture and vagus nerve stimulation are emerging therapies for hyperemesis gravidarum management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shike","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57008","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP15547","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and persistent nausea among pregnant women enrolled in the Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS)","volume":"133","author":"Ryva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/62.12.1247","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"62","author":"Golembiewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.09.004","article-title":"The windsor definition for hyperemesis gravidarum: a multistakeholder international consensus definition","volume":"266","author":"Jansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d3606","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3606","article-title":"Management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy","volume":"342","author":"Jarvis","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0110-3","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"5","author":"Fejzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14706","article-title":"Treatments for hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review","volume":"103","author":"Vinnars","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2023.100166","article-title":"Emergency department burden of hyperemesis gravidarum in the United States from 2006 to 2014","volume":"3","author":"Geeganage","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJOG Glob Rep."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2024","article-title":"The human placenta and its role in reproductive outcomes revisited","volume":"105","author":"Aye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.052","article-title":"Long-term health outcomes of children born to mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"227","author":"Nijsten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.03.004","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes of infants born to mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"284","author":"Jansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines11070017","article-title":"GDF15 targeting for treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"11","author":"Thygerson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicines."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.06.007","article-title":"GDF15: from biomarker to target in cancer cachexia","volume":"9","author":"H\u00fcllwegen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cancer."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100370","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100370","article-title":"The anorectic actions of the TGF\u03b2 cytokine MIC-1\/GDF15 require an intact brainstem area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract","volume":"9","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS ONE."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.055","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy metformin use associated with lower risk of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.18238","article-title":"Metformin for the prevention of hyperemesis gravidarum: an observational cohort study","author":"Sillis","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.07.018","article-title":"The MIC-1\/GDF15-GFRAL pathway in energy homeostasis: implications for obesity, cachexia, and other associated diseases","volume":"28","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116809","article-title":"Overview of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in metabolic diseases","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2008.04.002","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"35","author":"Goodwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1325","article-title":"Contextualizing potential risks of medications in pregnancy for the newborn-the case of ondansetron","volume":"174","author":"Huybrechts","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2011.611918","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum: current aspect","volume":"31","author":"Tamay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18307","article-title":"Association of maternal first-trimester ondansetron use with cardiac malformations and oral clefts in offspring","volume":"320","author":"Huybrechts","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809270","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.809270","article-title":"Emerging progress in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum: challenges and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e215329","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5329","article-title":"Comparison of pregnancy outcomes of patients treated with ondansetron vs alternative antiemetic medications in a multinational, population-based cohort","volume":"4","author":"Dormuth","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010607","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010607.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"2016","author":"Boelig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24439","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion for the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1519540","article-title":"Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"33","author":"Sridharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703439","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/703439","article-title":"A modern clinical approach of the traditional Korean Saam acupuncture","volume":"2015","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00667.2010","article-title":"The physiological basis of complementary and alternative medicines for polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"301","author":"Raja-Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/0964528420907338","article-title":"Acupuncture stimulation attenuates TNF-\u03b1 production via vagal modulation in the concanavalin A model of hepatitis","volume":"38","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acupunct Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2018.1507732","article-title":"Recent advances in devices for vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Mertens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731446","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2731446","article-title":"Effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252676","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/252676","article-title":"Review of NVP and HG and early pharmacotherapeutic intervention","volume":"2012","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0039-0","article-title":"Reference ranges and determinants of total hCG levels during pregnancy: the generation R study","volume":"30","author":"Korevaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2022.11.008","article-title":"Is hyperemesis gravidarum associated with transient hyperthyroidism? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Farshbaf-Khalili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200304000-00006","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in relation to prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone: a prospective study","volume":"101","author":"Lagiou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90126-8","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum in relation to estradiol levels, pregnancy outcome, and other maternal factors: a seroepidemiologic study","volume":"156","author":"Depue","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2705-8","article-title":"Ghrelin and motilin levels in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"287","author":"Oru\u00e7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012","article-title":"Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"211","author":"Niemeijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2009.013","article-title":"Serum levels of adenosine deaminase and pregnancy-related hormones in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"37","author":"Ta\u015fkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Perinat Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(02)00384-3","article-title":"Plasma 5'-nucleotidase activities increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"35","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Biochem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi021","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review","volume":"13","author":"Verberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0830-1346","article-title":"Analysis of GDF15 and IGFBP7 in hyperemesis gravidarum support causality","volume":"79","author":"Fejzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14818.1","article-title":"Associations of vomiting and antiemetic use in pregnancy with levels of circulating GDF15 early in the second trimester: a nested case-control study","volume":"3","author":"Petry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(03)00088-8","article-title":"Nasojejunal feeding in hyperemesis gravidarum\u2013a preliminary study","volume":"23","author":"Vaisman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G506","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1996.270.3.G506","article-title":"Progesterone and estrogen are potential mediators of gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias in nausea of pregnancy","volume":"270","author":"Walsh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537244","article-title":"Gastric dysrhythmias and nausea of pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Koch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"702","article-title":"Gastric myoelectrical activity in the first trimester of pregnancy: a cutaneous electrogastrographic study","volume":"87","author":"Riezzo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G8","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00095.2002","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of the interstitial cells of Cajal: from bench to bedside. VI Pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches to human gastric dysrhythmias","volume":"283","author":"Owyang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05018.x","article-title":"Clinical application prospects of gastric pacing for treating postoperative gastric motility disorders","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70629","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70629","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 induces gastric fundus contraction involving cholinergic excitation: morphofunctional evidence in rodent models","volume":"29","author":"Garella","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000291833","article-title":"Pregnancy nausea related to women's obstetric and personal histories","volume":"43","author":"Gadsby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.08.001","article-title":"Is hyperemesis gravidarum associated with placental weight and the placental weight-to-birth weight ratio? A population-based Norwegian cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Vandraas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R23","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0275","article-title":"The placenta controls the physiology of pregnancy by increasing the half-life in blood and receptor activity of its secreted peptide hormones","volume":"60","author":"Lowry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2021.11.002","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in obesity, cancer, and cachexia","volume":"64","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa007","article-title":"GDF15: a hormone conveying somatic distress to the brain","author":"Lockhart","year":"","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","article-title":"Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome","volume":"347","author":"Uhl\u00e9n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.11.010","article-title":"Area postrema cell types that mediate nausea-associated behaviors","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-016-9781-7","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is highly heritable","volume":"46","author":"Colodro-Conde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Genet."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.09.018","article-title":"Familial aggregation of hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"204","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c2050","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2050","article-title":"Recurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum across generations: population based cohort study","volume":"340","author":"Vikanes","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03258-0","article-title":"Placenta and appetite genes GDF15 and IGFBP7 are associated with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"9","author":"Fejzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17129","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing uncovers new variants in GDF15 associated with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"129","author":"Fejzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23878","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151223878","article-title":"Emerging biomarkers in heart failure and cardiac cachexia","volume":"15","author":"Loncar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045224","article-title":"A novel role of IGFBP7 in mouse uterus: regulating uterine receptivity through Th1\/Th2 lymphocyte balance and decidualization","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12455","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"23","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"512","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection: a predictor of vomiting severity in pregnancy and adverse birth outcome","volume-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol.","author":"Grooten","year":"2017"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2009.11.003","article-title":"Serologic and stool antigen assay of Helicobacter pylori infection in hyperemesis gravidarum: which test is useful during early pregnancy?","volume":"50","author":"Guven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13032","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13032","article-title":"The association between Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"29","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83694-9","article-title":"Assessment of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000278571.93861.26","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum and Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Golberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02386-0","article-title":"Determinants of hyperemesis gravidarum among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public and private hospitals in Bahir Dar City, North-West Ethiopia, 2022: a multicenter unmatched case control study","volume":"23","author":"Asrade","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-128","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling analysis of the response to walnut polyphenol extract in Helicobacter pylori-infected cells","volume":"68","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039715","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039715","article-title":"Association between hyperemesis gravidarum and psychological symptoms, psychosocial outcomes and infant bonding: a two-point prospective case-control multicentre survey study in an inner city setting","volume":"10","author":"Mitchell-Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.03.021","article-title":"Is hyperemesis gravidarum associated with mood, anxiety and personality disorders: a case-control study","volume":"34","author":"Uguz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2012.717129","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum and depression in pregnancy: is there an association?","volume":"43","author":"Hizli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2006.10.002","article-title":"A comparison of different severities of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy relative to stress, social support, and maternal adaptation","volume":"52","author":"Kuo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.12.031","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in hyperemesis gravidarum: prevalence, risk factors and correlation with clinical severity","volume":"149","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12274","article-title":"Are there any differences in psychiatric symptoms and eating attitudes between pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum and healthy pregnant women?","volume":"40","author":"Annag\u00fcr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820701733697","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: relationship with anxiety and depression","volume":"29","author":"K\u00f6ken","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00902-6","article-title":"Associations of circulating GDF15 with combined cognitive frailty and depression in older adults of the MARK-AGE study","volume":"46","author":"Kochlik","year":"2024","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e689","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.185","article-title":"Feasibility of investigating differential proteomic expression in depression: implications for biomarker development in mood disorders","volume":"5","author":"Frye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595342","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.595342","article-title":"Activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway as a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000077192","article-title":"Success of acupuncture and acupressure of the Pc 6 acupoint in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"11","author":"Habek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2007.07.002","article-title":"Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"Can G\u00fcrkan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04342.x","article-title":"Effect of Nei-Guan point (P6) acupressure on ketonuria levels, nausea and vomiting in women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"59","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-536X.2002.00149.x","article-title":"Acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Birth."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(00)00185-8","article-title":"Manual acupuncture reduces hyperemesis gravidarum: a placebo-controlled, randomized, single-blind, crossover study","volume":"20","author":"Carlsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3509","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i3509","article-title":"Women with nausea and vomiting in pregnancy should be offered more support, say RCOG guidelines","volume":"353","author":"Wise","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2016.08.009","article-title":"The management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.14337","article-title":"Treatments for hyperemesis gravidarum and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"316","author":"McParlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007575","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007575.pub4","article-title":"Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy","volume":"2015","author":"Matthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002456","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin no. 189: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy","volume":"131","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.21.2755","article-title":"Electroacupuncture for control of myeloablative chemotherapy-induced emesis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"284","author":"Shen","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-2974","article-title":"Acupuncture and doxylamine-pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled, 2 \u00d7 2 factorial trial","volume":"176","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2015","article-title":"Vagal afferent innervation of the airways in health and disease","volume":"96","author":"Mazzone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114600","article-title":"Electroacupuncture at Neiguan (PC6) attenuates cardiac dysfunction caused by cecal ligation and puncture via the vagus nerve","volume":"162","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13480","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i48.13480","article-title":"Neural mechanism of gastric motility regulation by electroacupuncture at RN12 and BL21: a paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus-dorsal vagal complex-vagus nerve-gastric channel pathway","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.11.011","article-title":"Accelerative effects of transcutaneous electrical acustimulation on postoperative recovery after thoracolumbar vertebral fracture associated with suppressed sympathetic activity and interleukin-6","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-007-0336-2","article-title":"Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study","volume":"276","author":"Jamigorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832432","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.832432","article-title":"Electroacupuncture alleviates LPS-induced ARDS through \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated inhibition of ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7642","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i47.7642","article-title":"Effective regularity in modulation on gastric motility induced by different acupoint stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i5.709","article-title":"Neural mechanism of acupuncture-modulated gastric motility","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.06.010","article-title":"Acupuncture regulates gut motility and secretion via nerve reflexes","volume":"156","author":"Noguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i36.4873","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture at PC6 on frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in cats","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7457485","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7457485","article-title":"At PC6 promotes gastric motility: role of brainstem vagovagal neurocircuits","volume":"2019","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X01000241","article-title":"Studies of the central neural pathways to the stomach and Zusanli (ST36)","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2012.05.002","article-title":"Acupuncture-stimulated activation of sensory neurons","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S404087","article-title":"Electroacupuncture pretreatment at Zusanli (ST36) ameliorates hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion injury in mice by reducing oxidative stress via activating vagus nerve-dependent Nrf2 pathway","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.12.006","article-title":"Electroacupuncture at ST36 relieves visceral hypersensitivity based on the vagus-adrenal axis in the remission stage of ulcerative colitis","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.PEDS09153","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in patients with autism spectrum disorder and intractable epilepsy: results from the vagus nerve stimulation therapy patient outcome registry","volume":"5","author":"Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419876920","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine: the multicentre, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled PREMIUM trial","volume":"39","author":"Diener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12629","article-title":"Surgically implanted and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: a review of efficacy, safety and tolerability","volume":"22","author":"Ben-Menachem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00102","article-title":"Transcutaneous Vagal Nerve Stimulation (tVNS): a new neuromodulation tool in healthy humans?","volume":"6","author":"Van Leusden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01461.x","article-title":"Effects of autonomic nerve stimulation on colorectal motility in rats","volume":"22","author":"Tong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1243","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.274.5.R1243","article-title":"Splanchnic and vagal denervation attenuate central Fos but not AVP responses to intragastric salt in rats","volume":"274","author":"Carlson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2010.12.002","article-title":"The chemical neuroanatomy of vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"42","author":"Ruffoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(96)00114-2","article-title":"Association of substance P and its receptor with efferent neurons projecting to the greater curvature of the rat stomach","volume":"58","author":"Ladic","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28456-0","article-title":"Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in regulation of stress-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.12.005","article-title":"Effect and mechanism of vagal nerve stimulation on gastric motility: a preliminary rodent study","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S0896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.06.023","article-title":"Neuroanatomical organization of electroacupuncture in modulating gastric function in mice and humans","volume":"17","author":"Shun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04114-0","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy improves distal colonic motility via the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve in depressive-like mice","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2424363122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2424363122","article-title":"Motilin stimulates food intake linked to gastric motility in Suncus murinus: simultaneous recordings of food intake and gastric motility in the conscious state","volume":"122","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70030","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70030","article-title":"Acute cervical vagus nerve stimulation modulates gastric slow waves in the distal rat stomach","volume":"37","author":"Athavale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107395","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i21.107395","article-title":"Electroacupuncture at ST36 ameliorates gastric dysmotility in rats with diabetic gastroparesis via the nucleus tractus solitarius-vagal axis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B125","first-page":"325","article-title":"Afferent and efferent connections of the area postrema demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase method","volume":"117","author":"Vigier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-4067","article-title":"Role of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in tumorigenesis and diagnosis of cancer","volume":"66","author":"Bauskin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2010.05.032","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor-15 as a prognostic biomarker in ovarian cancer","volume":"118","author":"Staff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0530278100","article-title":"Large-scale delineation of secreted protein biomarkers overexpressed in cancer tissue and serum","volume":"100","author":"Welsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-007-0336-4","article-title":"Effect of in vivo loss of GDF-15 on hepatocellular carcinogenesis","volume":"134","author":"Zimmers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12169","article-title":"Anorexia-cachexia syndrome in hepatoma tumour-bearing rats requires the area postrema but not vagal afferents and is paralleled by increased MIC-1\/GDF15","volume":"8","author":"Borner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2022.03.003","article-title":"The controversial role of the vagus nerve in mediating ghrelin's actions: gut feelings and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Perell\u00f3","year":"2022","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-024-01244-9","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation ameliorates preeclampsia-induced apoptosis of placental trophoblastic cells via inhibiting the mitochondrial unfolded protein response","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gaab045","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaab045","article-title":"Acetylcholine ameliorated hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in trophoblast cells via p38 MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Human Reprod."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03650-7","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation ameliorates L-NAME-induced preeclampsia-like symptoms in rats through inhibition of the inflammatory response","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.03.059","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and hyperemesis gravidarum.","volume":"107","author":"Mansour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604179","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604179","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology","volume":"11","author":"Rutsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00308","article-title":"Neuro-immune circuits regulate immune responses in tissues and organ homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Jakob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29803","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008213117","article-title":"Identification of a brainstem locus that inhibits tumor necrosis factor","volume":"117","author":"Kressel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.03.002","article-title":"A mechanistic analysis of the neural modulation of the inflammatory system through vagus nerve stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"de Melo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000001246","article-title":"Bacillus coagulans TCI803 confers gastroesophageal protection against Helicobacter pylori-evoked gastric oxidative stress and acid-induced lower esophageal sphincter inflammation","volume":"88","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCMA."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59248-6","article-title":"Neural representation of cytokines by vagal sensory neurons","volume":"16","author":"Huerta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111284","article-title":"Esketamine mitigates cognitive impairment following exposure to LPS by modulating the intestinal flora\/subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve\/spleen axis","volume":"126","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkaf011","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf011","article-title":"The role of brain-liver-gut axis in neurological disorders","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns Trauma."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-334938","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota and inflammasomes interplay in health and disease: a gut feeling","author":"De Luca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.048447.118","article-title":"Peripheral effects of vagus nerve stimulation on anxiety and extinction of conditioned fear in rats","volume":"26","author":"Noble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn Mem."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.02.003","article-title":"Accelerated transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for inpatient depression and anxiety: the iWAVE open label pilot trial","volume":"28","author":"Austelle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.01.011","article-title":"Phase-amplitude coupling in response to transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: focus on regions implicated in mood and memory","volume":"28","author":"Keatch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.090","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation produces immediate dose-dependent anxiolytic effect in rats","volume":"265","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01339-3","article-title":"A nonlinear relationship between the triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and stroke risk: an analysis based on data from the China health and retirement longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.01.004","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation: a review of its applications and potential mechanisms that mediate its clinical effects","volume":"29","author":"Groves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.11.035","article-title":"Associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety and cortisol responses to and recovery from acute stress","volume":"102","author":"Fiksdal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.049","article-title":"Changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis measures after vagus nerve stimulation therapy in chronic depression","volume":"58","author":"O'Keane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001656","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation suppresses corticotropin-releasing factor-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone release in rats","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144046","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.144046","article-title":"Vagal gut-brain signaling mediates amygdaloid plasticity, affect, and pain in a functional dyspepsia model","volume":"6","author":"Cordner","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2023.02.004","article-title":"The gut-brain axis and cognitive control: a role for the vagus nerve","volume":"156","author":"D\u00e9carie-Spain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Boil."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.01.006","article-title":"A distinct biomarker of continuous transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation treatment in major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16010034","article-title":"A 5-year observational study of patients with treatment-resistant depression treated with vagus nerve stimulation or treatment as usual: comparison of response, remission, and suicidality","volume":"174","author":"Aaronson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103933","article-title":"Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation enhances cognitive emotion regulation","volume":"145","author":"De Smet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112270","article-title":"Mechanisms of acupuncture therapy in ischemic stroke rehabilitation: a literature review of basic studies","volume":"18","author":"Chavez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2383-8","article-title":"Acupuncture for chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735407305892","article-title":"The neuroimmune basis of anti-inflammatory acupuncture","volume":"6","author":"Kavoussi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34746-z","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential novel treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2018.02.011","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-2922.2018.024","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2018"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-024-01344-1","article-title":"Neuromodulation for headache management in pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Smirnoff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517990","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1517990","article-title":"Managing supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in pregnant patients within the emergency department","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.151","article-title":"A systematic review of non-invasive neurostimulation for the treatment of depression during pregnancy","volume":"272","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2021.106671","article-title":"Is vagal-nerve stimulation safe during pregnancy? A mini review","volume":"174","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1615635\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:23:45Z","timestamp":1760502225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1615635\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":168,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1615635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1615635","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"article-number":"1615635"}}