{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T05:44:49Z","timestamp":1759729489688,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Passive motions can lead to conflicting combinations of visual and vestibular signals that can have a tremendous impact on our ability to navigate and comprehend the world. However, conflicting motion signals are also exploited for rehabilitation, adaptation training, and entertainment by creating functional illusions (VR, amusement parks). Low-frequency linear translations can induce \u201chilltop illusions,\u201d a perceptual phenomenon consisting in a reinterpretation of the inertial acceleration as tilt with respect to gravity. Compared to other vestibular stimuli, the hilltop illusion has rarely been used as it is considered unpractical due to the complexity of the necessary motion devices, which can have high operational costs, induce cognitive biases jeopardizing the illusion and discomfort in the subject. We hypothesize that a practical protocol to create and quantify a hilltop illusion can be realized using low-frequency (0.16\u202fHz) small-amplitude (0.45\u202fm) translations on a standard motion simulator (Stewart Platform), provided that expectations and awareness of the illusion are hindered. To this aim, we combined the lateral oscillations with 90\u00b0 phase-shifted roll movement with a random direction and amplitude. A consistent tilt illusion was measured across 12 healthy participants (29.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f14.5 yo, 6 females). The hilltop illusion was quantified using both haptic vertical (HV) and subjective visual vertical (SVV) assessments, showing a significant tilt perception with larger values displayed in HV (2.2\u00b0\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.2\u2014gain to the GIA tilt\u202f=\u202f41.8%) compared to SVV (0.51\u00b0\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.57\u2014gain\u202f=\u202f9.7%). The protocol was well tolerated, with minimal motion sickness reported. This new protocol offers an accessible method for the generation of an implicit vestibular illusion, while demonstrating the importance of preventing cognitive awareness of motion cues. It offers insights in the perceptual process of vestibular conflicts and provides a foundation for potential development of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, for training and for illusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1623749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T04:12:05Z","timestamp":1754539925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Riding the hilltop: practical implementation and assessment of an implicit hilltop illusion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carole-Anne","family":"Vollette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bockisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bertolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09193.x","article-title":"The vestibular cortex: its locations, functions, and disorders","volume":"871","author":"Brandt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125555","article-title":"Vestibular system: the many facets of a multimodal sense","volume":"31","author":"Angelaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(98)70195-0","article-title":"Role of vestibular adaptation in vestibular rehabilitation","volume":"119","author":"Herdman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2007-17403","article-title":"Threshold-based vestibular adaptation to cross-coupled canal stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155241244932","article-title":"Optokinetic stimulation in the rehabilitation of visually induced dizziness in people with vestibular disorders: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Law","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331135","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2024.1331135","article-title":"Symptom reduction in mal de d\u00e9barquement syndrome with attenuation of the velocity storage contribution in the central vestibular pathways","volume":"5","author":"Maruta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"411","article-title":"Uber das Relativitatsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen","volume":"4","author":"Einstein","year":"1908","journal-title":"Jahrbuch Radioaktivit\u00e4t und Elektronik"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.03939.x","article-title":"How vestibular neurons solve the tilt\/translation ambiguity: comparison of brainstem, cerebellum, and thalamus","volume":"1164","author":"Angelaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"493","article-title":"A systems concept of the vestibular organs","volume-title":"Handbook of sensory physiology","author":"Mayne","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"93","article-title":"How does the linear vestibulo-ocular reflex compare with the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex?","volume-title":"Disorders of the vestibular system","author":"Paige","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.4.1775","article-title":"Dynamics of squirrel monkey linear vestibuloocular reflex and interactions with fixation distance","volume":"78","author":"Telford","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00485.2001","article-title":"Neural processing of gravitoinertial cues in humans. 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