{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T23:29:36Z","timestamp":1778023776089,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Apolipoprotein allele 4 (APOE \u03b54) is associated with lower IQ scores during childhood and adolescence, but the influence of APOE \u03b54 and low IQ on late-life cognition is unknown. This study examines the association between APOE \u03b54 and cognitive outcomes based on premorbid intellectual ability (pIQ) and ethnic background.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were drawn from the Health &amp;amp; Aging Brain Study\u2013Health Disparities (HABS-HD), categorized by low (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u202f\u2264\u202f\u22122.00) or average (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.00\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.00) pIQ based on word reading scores. Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate whether APOE \u03b54 was associated with the cognitive domains of episodic memory, executive functioning, processing speed, and language by pIQ and ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>APOE \u03b54 was associated with worse cognitive performance across domains. In the overall sample analysis, the deleterious effect of \u03b54 on processing speed and executive functioning was stronger among those with low pIQ. In stratified analysis, the negative impact of APOE \u03b54 was stronger among non-Hispanic White individuals with low pIQ for episodic memory and Hispanic individuals with low pIQ for processing speed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The influence of APOE genotype on cognitive outcomes is moderated by ethnicity and premorbid IQ, positioning low pIQ, a proxy for intellectual disability (ID), as a population more vulnerable to the negative effects of APOE \u03b54 in older adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) risk genes on cognitive performance may not mirror what is observed in AD-Down syndrome, highlighting the urgent need to expand AD research to reach more representative populations with I\/DD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1627525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T04:10:49Z","timestamp":1751947849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Low premorbid IQ may exacerbate the cognitive effects of apolipoprotein \u03b54 (APOE \u03b54): a multi-ethnic cross-sectional study from HABS-HD"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lubnaa Badriyyah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ney Alex","family":"Alliey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sid","family":"O\u2019Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.02.021","article-title":"Incidence of dementia in older adults with intellectual disabilities","volume":"34","author":"Strydom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000188871.74093.12","article-title":"APOE alleles predict the 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