{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T16:05:37Z","timestamp":1785945937882,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify independent risk factors for Parkinson disease mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and develop a prediction model integrating clinical indicators, blood biomarker, and neuroimaging data, aiding in detection and intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted with 150 PD patients. The PD-MCI group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f64) and PD with normal cognition (PD-NC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f86) were identified using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale. Data on demographics, motor symptoms, cognitive function, quality of life, blood markers, and diffusion tensor imaging along perivascular spaces (DTI-ALPS) were collected. Univariate analysis identified significant variables, and multivariate logistic regression identified independent risk factors. A nomogram prediction model was developed using R software. Model performance was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, bootstrap resampling calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences between the groups were found in levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), PD Quality of Life Questionnaire, creatinine, cystatin C, and ALPS index. Multivariate regression identified higher LEDD (OR\u202f=\u202f1.01, 95%CI 1.00\u20131.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.005) and creatinine levels (OR\u202f=\u202f1.34, 95%CI 1.10\u20131.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.005) as independent risk factors. The nomogram model demonstrated strong discriminatory ability (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.864, 95%CI 0.807\u20130.922) and good calibration. DCA showed a significant net benefit within clinical threshold ranges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study developed a PD-MCI prediction model incorporating DTI-ALPS and clinical blood biomarkers. It confirmed that LEDD and creatinine levels are independent risk factors, with high clinical value for early screening and individualized treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1628697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:42:28Z","timestamp":1755092548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predictive value of the combined DTI-ALPS index and serum creatinine levels in mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingchao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28025","article-title":"MRI 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