{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:37:36Z","timestamp":1790656656120,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute stroke patients often develop post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) and dysthymic disorders. Formaldehyde (FA) induces cognitive decline and depression; while red light (RL) at 630 nm can degrade FA by activating FA-dehydrogenase (FDH). This study investigates the therapeutic effects of a novel RL device on cognitive function and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with PSCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was an exploratory, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding and intention-to-treat analysis. Stroke patients (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 90) were enrolled. A total of 38 patients in the PSCI group and 44 patients in the PSCI-RL group completed the study. Participants were followed for 6 months, during which the intervention phase comprised 3 months of RL therapy or sham stimulation, followed by continued follow-up. Cognitive [Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)\/Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)], neuropsychiatric [Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA)], and functional [Barthel Index (BI)] assessments were conducted at baseline and 6 months. Blood and urine levels of key enzymes and metabolites involved in FA metabolism were quantified, including semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO, an FA-generating enzyme), FDH (an FA-degrading enzyme), cytochrome c (Cyt-c), FA, hydrogen peroxide (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , a marker of FA generation), and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, an endogenous FA scavenger).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The phototherapy device improved cognitive abilities, reduced anxiety and depression, lessened stroke severity, and enhanced daily living activities in the PSCI-RL group at 6 months. Additionally, RL therapy altered FA metabolism, as it lowered SSAO and H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels and increased FDH, Cyt-c, and CoQ10 in blood and\/or urine of PSCI patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RL therapy may improve clinical symptoms in post-stroke patients by modulating FA metabolism, suggesting a safe and promising approach for treatment and rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.html?proj=159956<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , Identifier: ChiCTR2200058991.\n        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