{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:50:45Z","timestamp":1765374645643,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the promise of artificial intelligence, there remains no substitute for human analytical acumen and decision-making. Human cognitive performance is not fixed; it can often be substantially improved through specific interventions. The field of cognitive performance optimization is multidisciplinary, often involving contributions from physicians, psychologists, athletic trainers, therapists, executive coaches, and many other professionals. Key domains include lifestyle factors, treatment of potentially cognitively impairing disorders, careful use of stimulants, and additional personalized interventions. Modifiable lifestyle factors such as sleep, physical exercise, toxic substances, stress management, and diet play a crucial role. Treatable cognitively impairing disorders include sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), migraine with or without neurological aura, vitamin B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, and obesity. Stimulants, including both prescription stimulants like methylphenidate and non-prescription stimulants like caffeine, can improve fatigue, sustained attention and processing speed with manageable risks when used carefully. Personalized interventions include correction of vision and hearing deficits, cognitive rehabilitation under professional therapist guidance, computer-based cognitive skills training, cognitive performance coaching, and non-invasive brain stimulation. Taken together, addressing these domains in a multidisciplinary fashion can result in meaningful benefits in terms of cognitive performance. However, cognitive performance optimization requires substantial time and effort on the part of the providers and participants as there are rarely any \u201ceasy fixes.\u201d Importantly, cognitive performance optimization is an evolving science with great promise for future advanced interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1636406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:00:36Z","timestamp":1765371636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidisciplinary cognitive performance optimization for mission-critical decision makers: delivering \u201cthe whole pizza\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Brody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190054793.001.0001","author":"Brody","year":"2019","journal-title":"Concussion Care Manual"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.005","article-title":"Sleep and athletic performance: impacts on physical performance, mental performance, injury risk and recovery, and mental health","volume":"15","author":"Charest","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.3.311","article-title":"Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery","volume":"32","author":"Rupp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.05.003","article-title":"The impact of extended sleep on daytime alertness, vigilance, and mood","volume":"5","author":"Kamdar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00509","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: biological and psychological benefits","volume":"9","author":"Mandolesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101591","article-title":"Optimal dose and type of exercise to improve cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and bayesian model-based network meta-analysis of RCTs","volume":"76","author":"Gallardo-G\u00f3mez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2017-102820","article-title":"Effects of drinking on late-life brain and cognition","volume":"21","author":"Topiwala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102920","article-title":"Association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists use and change in alcohol consumption: a systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Subhani","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60803","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/60803","article-title":"The temporal dynamics model of emotional memory processing: a synthesis on the neurobiological basis of stress-induced amnesia, flashbulb and traumatic memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson law","volume":"2007","author":"Diamond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"The Wise Heart: A Guide to the Universal Teachings of Buddhist Psychology","author":"Kornfield","year":"2008"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000218","article-title":"Yoga and cognition: a meta-analysis of chronic and acute effects","volume":"77","author":"Gothe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effect of controlled deep breathing on psychomotor and higher mental functions in normal individuals","volume":"59","author":"Soni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"12","article-title":"Evidence for improved cognitive health with diet: a narrative review","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2022.2086017","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition","volume":"19","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404881","article-title":"Tirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity","volume":"391","author":"Malhotra","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104580","article-title":"Obesity-related cognitive impairment: the role of endothelial dysfunction","volume":"132","author":"Buie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002","article-title":"How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamine","volume":"38","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05691-w","article-title":"Cognitive enhancement effects of stimulants: a randomized controlled trial testing methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine","volume":"238","author":"Repantis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546080","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1546080","article-title":"Methylphenidate for the cognitive and neurobehavioural sequelae of traumatic brain injury in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rees","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02167.x","article-title":"A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: results from the improvement in memory with plasticity-based adaptive cognitive training (IMPACT) study","volume":"57","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.03.006","article-title":"Evaluation of a plasticity-based cognitive training program in schizophrenia: results from the eCaesar trial","volume":"208","author":"Mahncke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00221","article-title":"A large-scale, cross-sectional investigation into the efficacy of brain training","volume":"13","author":"Hampshire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252900","article-title":"Targeted enhancement of cortical-hippocampal brain networks and associative memory","volume":"345","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4719","article-title":"Cogniphobia in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Silverberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.07.001","article-title":"Does cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia improve cognitive performance? A systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"39","author":"Herbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313508472","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of light therapy for fatigue following traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Sinclair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1636406\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:00:39Z","timestamp":1765371639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1636406\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1636406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1636406","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"article-number":"1636406"}}