{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:34:51Z","timestamp":1765780491757,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) form a group of dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases represented by progressive cerebellar ataxia and various other neurological deficits. SCA3 is the most prevalent type globally and represents 28% of the autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias in The Netherlands. The associated oculomotor disorders, with distance esotropia as its hallmark, cause diplopia and often present early. To gain further insight into this, we examined eye movements made during a continuous visual stimulus tracking task (SONDA; Standardized Oculomotor and Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorder Assessment).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirteen genetically confirmed SCA3 cases underwent SONDA, both monocularly and binocularly. As a reference, we used previously collected data from 36 monocularly and 13 binocularly measured healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SCA3 cases were well capable of tracking the moving stimulus, but they performed the task differently. More specifically, their eyes were not synchronized in their movements, and they made multiple small saccades in response to a large stimulus jump instead of a larger saccade followed by a small corrective saccade. The saccadic amplitude distribution shape was related to the severity of the oculomotor disorder, suggesting that the saccadic amplitude distribution could be used as a biomarker of disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, this study highlights that eye-tracking during a standardized task can give valuable insights into how eye movements are affected in SCA3 and provides suggestions for potential biomarkers for severity and the associated treatment options. Longitudinal research is needed to elaborate on these findings and validate the proposed biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1650269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:30:05Z","timestamp":1765780205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous visual stimulus tracking to quantify eye motility in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"M. J.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Wasmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. W. R.","family":"Pott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. W.","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. M.","family":"Jansonius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.5.702","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxias in the Netherlands","volume":"58","author":"van de Warrenburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420615","article-title":"Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia: phenotypic differences in genetically defined subtypes?","volume":"42","author":"Sch\u00f6ls","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0718-0","article-title":"Strabismus and Micro-Opsoclonus in Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"15","author":"Ghasia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02057-3","article-title":"Abnormal eye movements in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00971","article-title":"Eye movement evaluation in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson\u2019s disease using a standardized oculomotor and neuro-ophthalmic disorder assessment (SONDA)","volume":"11","author":"Grillini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.2.3","article-title":"Detecting and quantifying glaucomatous visual function loss with continuous visual stimulus tracking: a case-control study","volume":"14","author":"ACL","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2022.100170","article-title":"Measuring saccades in patients with Niemann-pick type C: a comparison between video-oculography and a novel eye tracking test based on continuous psychophysics","volume":"7","author":"Grillini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108188","article-title":"Stimulus contrast, pursuit mode, and age strongly influence tracking performance on a continuous visual tracking task","volume":"205","author":"Vrijling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195489","article-title":"The Eyelink toolbox: eye tracking with MATLAB and the psychophysics toolbox","volume":"34","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1068\/v070821","article-title":"What\u2019s new in Psychtoolbox-3","volume":"36","author":"Kleiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366","article-title":"The video toolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies","volume":"10","author":"Pelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"619","article-title":"Velocity characteristics of normal human saccades","volume":"13","author":"Boghen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90071-X","article-title":"Skewness of saccadic velocity profiles: a unifying parameter for normal and slow saccades","volume":"27","author":"Van Opstal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"lme4: linear mixed-effects models using \u201cEigen\u201d and S4","author":"Bates","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"boot: Bootstrap Functions","author":"Canty","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511802843","volume-title":"Bootstrap methods and their application","author":"Davison","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01217-4","article-title":"Static and dynamic ocular motor abnormalities as potential biomarkers in spinocerebellar Ataxia type 3","volume":"20","author":"Lemos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00309-3","article-title":"Vergence disorders in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 3\/Machado\u2013Joseph disease: a synoptophore study","volume":"173","author":"Ohyagi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12676","article-title":"Oculomotor deficits in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: potential biomarkers of preclinical detection and disease progression","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.10.1353","article-title":"Oculomotor phenotypes in autosomal dominant ataxias","volume":"55","author":"Buttner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430306","article-title":"Eye movement abnormalities correlate with genotype in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type I","volume":"43","author":"Rivaud-Pechoux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/28545","article-title":"Eye movement abnormalities in spinocerebellar ataxias","volume-title":"Spinocerebellar Ataxia","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Labrada","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0433-z","article-title":"Functional consequences of oculomotor disorders in hereditary cerebellar ataxias","volume":"12","author":"Alexandre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000219042.60538.92","article-title":"Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia","volume":"66","author":"Schmitz-H\u00fcbsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25464","article-title":"Ocular motor characteristics of different subtypes of spinocerebellar ataxia: distinguishing features","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.01.001","article-title":"Clinical features, neurogenetics and neuropathology of the polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias type 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7","volume":"104","author":"R\u00fcb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1650269\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:30:08Z","timestamp":1765780208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1650269\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1650269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1650269","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"article-number":"1650269"}}