{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:47:48Z","timestamp":1789580868204,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This meta-analysis aims to quantitatively evaluate the effects of digital cognitive intervention (non-immersive computer- and immersive virtual reality (VR)-based) on cognitive function and psychosocial outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to explore potential moderating factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases from their inception to April 3, 2025. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate effect sizes, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> statistic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 16 studies were included; 9 employed computer-based cognitive interventions and 7 used VR-based interventions. The results showed that both types of interventions significantly improved global cognitive function (SMD: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44 to 0.85, I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u202f=\u202f0%), executive function (SMD: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.47, I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u202f=\u202f15%), attention (SMD: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.78, I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u202f=\u202f0%) and social cognitive function (SMD: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.72, I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u202f=\u202f0%) in TBI patients. However, no significant improvements were observed in memory, processing speed, activities of daily living, or psychosocial outcomes (self-efficacy, anxiety\/depression). Subgroup analysis indicated that VR-based interventions were more effective than traditional cognitive therapy. Moreover, VR interventions had a positive effect on depression in TBI patients. A greater number of training sessions may further enhance cognitive benefits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This meta-analysis supports the efficacy of digital cognitive intervention in improving cognitive function in TBI patients. We recommend individualized treatment programs to more effectively address cognitive impairments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1651443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T04:13:42Z","timestamp":1759810422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The effectiveness of digital cognitive intervention in patients with traumatic brain injury: systematic review and 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