{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:10:12Z","timestamp":1780492212128,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Ginkgo biloba<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extracts belong to the most popular herbal medicines for the treatment of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) or stroke. EGb 761, a proprietary ginkgo leaf extract, has been shown to improve brain cell energy supply, to enhance neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, to decrease blood viscosity and improve brain perfusion. Thereby it improves cognitive performance, neuropsychiatric symptoms and activities of daily living in patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. It has further been shown to be beneficial for patients after ischaemic stroke. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the treatment effects of EGb 761 in patients who had developed dementia following a cerebral infarction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a meta-analysis of pooled data from clinical trials with EGb 761 in mild to moderate dementia in the subgroup of patients who had a cerebral infarction. Four randomised, placebo-controlled trials with homogeneous patient selection and design were included. Previous stroke was diagnosed by neuroimaging. The analysis focused on the comparison of treatment effects in the domains of cognition, activities of daily living and global assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The meta-analysis included data from 488 patients. Significant treatment effects of 240\u202fmg EGb 761 daily versus placebo were found for cognition (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0467), activities of daily living (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0230), and global clinical impression (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0371). The rates of adverse events and adverse drug reactions in the EGb 761 group were like those in the placebo group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of our meta-analysis of patients with mild to moderate dementia who had previously had a cerebral infarction verified by neuroimaging showed statistically significant and clinically relevant benefits of EGb 761. The drug was shown to be safe and well tolerated and is a promising treatment option for patients developing dementia after cerebral infarction. Further dedicated clinical trials are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1658064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:58:25Z","timestamp":1773417505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in patients with dementia and a history of cerebral infarction\u2014meta-analysis of pooled data from randomised clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jing-Xuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Qi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biometry, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG","place":["Karlsruhe, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An-Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-023-00463-x","article-title":"China stroke surveillance report 2021","volume":"10","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2022-001637","article-title":"Vascular dementia has the highest hospitalisation rate in China: A nationwide hospital information system study","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1159\/000492920","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence in post-stroke neurocognitive disorders in hospital-based studies","volume":"46","author":"Barbay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S378743","article-title":"Association between pre-stroke subjective sleep status and post-stroke cognitive impairment: a nationwide multi-center prospective registry","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122864","article-title":"Prevalence of post-stroke cognitive impairment in China: a community-based, cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Qu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2018-000209","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies on cognitive impairment due to cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X24500435","article-title":"Comprehensive exploration of the neuroprotective mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba leaves in treating neurological disorders","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639924","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1639924","article-title":"Efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba extract in amyloid pet-positive patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7649com","article-title":"EGb 761 enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and phosphorylation of Creb in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"21","author":"Tchantchou","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0442-2_11","article-title":"Ginkgo Biloba extract EGb 761\u00ae: from an ancient Asian plant to a modern European herbal medicinal product","volume-title":"Evidence and rational based research on Chinese drugs","author":"Lang","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217001892","article-title":"Treatment effects of Ginkgo Biloba extract EGb 761\u00ae on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Savaskan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2024.2446830","article-title":"Ginkgo Biloba extract EGb 761 is safe and effective in the treatment of mild dementia - 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