{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1783114119922,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dopaminergic imaging has become a pivotal tool in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. Its ability to assess presynaptic dopamine transporter function provides crucial insights for distinguishing PD from other acquired neurological disorders. Recent advances have also demonstrated its utility in evaluating diseases beyond PD, including non-degenerative conditions associated with parkinsonism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to explore the diagnostic and therapeutic value of dopaminergic imaging across a range of acquired disorders, including normal pressure hydrocephalus, Holmes tremor, vascular parkinsonism, infectious and metabolic diseases as well as autoimmune encephalopathies with a particular focus on its clinical implications, imaging patterns and predictive value for treatment response. We excluded drug induced conditions as they have been extensively reviewed previously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive systematic literature search focusing on studies that utilized dopaminergic imaging techniques was conducted in PubMed. We used the terms \u201cDaTScan.\u201d \u201cDopaminergic imaging,\u201d \u201cdopamine transporter,\u201d \u201cSingle-photon emission computed tomography,\u201d \u201cFP CIT 123 SPECT,\u201d \u201c\n                      <jats:sup>123<\/jats:sup>\n                      I-ioflupane,\u201d \u201cTRODAT\u201d and \u201c\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F-DOPA\u201d and focused on acquired neurological disorders. Diagnostic accuracy and imaging patterns across these conditions were analyzed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dopaminergic imaging revealed variable deficits across acquired disorders, with distinct patterns aiding in the differential diagnosis. In normal pressure hydrocephalus, imaging often shows a reduction in striatal dopamine transporter binding which was reversed post-shunt surgery, distinguishing it from neurodegenerative parkinsonisms. In Holmes tremor, significant presynaptic dopaminergic deficits were associated with levodopa responsiveness. Vascular parkinsonism exhibited more diffuse and symmetric dopamine transporter reductions compared to idiopathic PD, correlating with poorer levodopa response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dopaminergic imaging plays a crucial role in differentiating PD from acquired diseases presenting with parkinsonism. Its diagnostic utility, combined with clinical and pathological findings, enhances therapeutic decision-making, particularly in more common conditions like normal pressure hydrocephalus, Holmes tremor and vascular parkinsonism. As imaging techniques continue to evolve, their integration into clinical practice will further support personalized treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1660747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T06:10:29Z","timestamp":1762236629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The role of presynaptic dopaminergic imaging in acquired neurological conditions affecting basal ganglia: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Ardila Jurado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Z\u00fcnd-Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Brugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Nicastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailash P.","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"K\u00e4gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706777935258","article-title":"PET tracers for imaging of the dopaminergic system","volume":"13","author":"Elsinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2007.18.6.439","article-title":"Investigating the dopaminergic synapse in vivo. I Molecular imaging studies in humans","volume":"18","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.100784","article-title":"SNM practice guideline for dopamine transporter imaging with 123I-ioflupane SPECT 10","volume":"53","author":"Djang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120502","article-title":"The dopamine transporter: a crucial component regulating dopamine transmission","volume":"12","author":"Jaber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2089","volume":"57","author":"Marek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"1703","article-title":"Imaging and quantitation of dopamine transporters with iodine-123-IPT in normal and Parkinson's disease subjects","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"584","article-title":"Binding of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 to dopamine transporters in patients with Parkinson's disease and in healthy volunteers","volume":"41","author":"Mozley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10592","article-title":"Role of dopamine transporter imaging in routine clinical practice","volume":"18","author":"Marshall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.029","article-title":"Radiotracers for imaging of Parkinson's disease","volume":"166","author":"Abbasi Gharibkandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)","year":"2004"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10575","article-title":"DAT imaging in drug-induced and psychogenic parkinsonism","volume":"7","author":"Tolosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12444","article-title":"[(1)(2)(3)I]FP-CIT SPECT (DaTSCAN) may be a useful tool to differentiate between Parkinson's disease and vascular or drug-induced parkinsonisms: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Brigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209453","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209453","article-title":"Neuropathologic validation and diagnostic accuracy of presynaptic dopaminergic imaging in the diagnosis of parkinsonism","volume":"102","author":"Hastings","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181abdae8","article-title":"The nigrostriatal pathway in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"68","author":"Vital","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25975","article-title":"Correlation of striatal dopamine transporter imaging with post mortem substantia nigra cell counts","volume":"29","author":"Kraemmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B17","year":"","journal-title":"MDS Position Paper"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.028449","article-title":"Pathophysiology of parkinsonism due to hydrocephalus","volume":"75","author":"Racette","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600389","article-title":"In vivo presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal dopamine functions in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"27","author":"Ouchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.289","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the gait disorder of normal pressure hydrocephalus and Parkinson's disease","volume":"70","author":"Stolze","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25046","article-title":"Deconstructing normal pressure hydrocephalus: ventriculomegaly as early sign of neurodegeneration","volume":"82","author":"Espay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.12.008","article-title":"Frequency of Alzheimer's disease pathology at autopsy in patients with clinical normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"7","author":"Cabral","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150909","article-title":"High risk of dementia in ventricular enlargement with normal pressure hydrocephalus related symptoms1","volume":"52","author":"Koivisto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10778-1","article-title":"Comorbid alpha synucleinopathies in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"269","author":"Sakurai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6745-6","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus or progressive supranuclear palsy? A clinicopathological case series","volume":"260","author":"Magdalinou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9029-y","article-title":"Dopaminergic imaging separates normal pressure hydrocephalus from its mimics","volume":"265","author":"Allali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.03.004","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus and parkinsonism: preliminary data on neurosurgical and neurological treatment","volume":"90","author":"Broggi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28366","article-title":"Striatal dopamine deficit and motor impairment in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"Pozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04743-5","article-title":"Is DAT imaging abnormality in normal pressure hydrocephalus always suggestive of degeneration?","volume":"42","author":"Del Gamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01861-7","article-title":"Detailed visual assessment of striatal dopaminergic depletion in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: unremarkable or not?","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2861","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012064","article-title":"Clinical outcome and striatal dopaminergic function after shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"96","author":"Todisco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22862","article-title":"Subacute dopa-responsive parkinsonism after successful surgical treatment of aqueductal stenosis","volume":"24","author":"Kinugawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041084","article-title":"Dopaminergic degeneration and small vessel disease in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus who underwent shunt surgery","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121","article-title":"Consensus statement on the classification of tremors from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society","volume":"33","author":"Bhatia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870131303","article-title":"Consensus statement of the movement disorder society on tremor","volume":"3","author":"Deuschl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002440","article-title":"Holmes tremor: clinical description, lesion localization, and treatment in a series of 29 cases","volume":"86","author":"Raina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20981","article-title":"Holmes tremor: application of modern neuroimaging techniques","volume":"21","author":"Paviour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.146324","article-title":"Disruption of nigrostriatal and cerebellothalamic pathways in dopamine responsive Holmes' tremor","volume":"80","author":"Seidel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000868","article-title":"et al. Imaging nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficit in Holmes Tremor with 18F-PR04MZ-PET\/CT","volume":"40","author":"Juri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.3.472","article-title":"Peduncular \u2018rubral' tremor and dopaminergic denervation: a PET study","volume":"45","author":"Remy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-009-0271-3","article-title":"(99m)Tc-TRODAT-1 SPECT study in evaluation of Holmes tremor after thalamic hemorrhage","volume":"23","author":"Sung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002729","article-title":"Brain 123I-FP-CIT SPECT of a Holmes Tremor due to midbrain pilocytic astrocytoma","volume":"45","author":"Louarn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13744","article-title":"Successful surgical treatment of an intracranial arachnoid cyst inducing Holmes' Tremor","volume":"10","author":"Aubignat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ea1545","article-title":"Teaching neuroimages: Holmes tremor after midbrain stroke","volume":"75","author":"Schreuder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000251948.30673.4f","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings in a case of Holmes tremor","volume":"32","author":"Guedj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201000","article-title":"Pearls & Oy-sters: a case report of Holmes Tremor due to nigrostriatal dopamine disruption that responded to dopamine replacement therapy","volume":"99","author":"Yen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1780-1","article-title":"Is nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficit necessary for Holmes tremor to develop? The DaTSCAN and IBZM SPECT study","volume":"124","author":"Gajos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01319.x","article-title":"The clinical and neuroimaging studies in Holmes tremor","volume":"122","author":"Gajos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.3.448","article-title":"Unilateral Holmes tremor, clearly responsive to cerebrospinal fluid release, in a patient with an ischemic midbrain lesion and associated chronic hydrocephalic ventricle enlargement. Case report","volume":"104","author":"Hertel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.257","article-title":"Levodopa-responsive Holmes' Tremor caused by a single inflammatory demyelinating lesion","volume":"5","author":"Katschnig-Winter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13501","article-title":"Clinical features, neuroimaging, and levodopa-responsiveness in Holmes' Tremor: a video-based case-series with a review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20083","article-title":"Clinicopathological investigation of vascular parkinsonism, including clinical criteria for diagnosis","volume":"19","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21479","volume":"22","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.01583.x","article-title":"[(123) I]FP-CIT-SPECT asymmetry index to differentiate Parkinson's disease from vascular parkinsonism","volume":"126","author":"Contrafatto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.002","article-title":"The pattern of FP-CIT PET in pure white matter hyperintensities-related vascular parkinsonism","volume":"82","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302618","article-title":"Clinical features and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT imaging in vascular parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease","volume":"84","author":"Benitez-Rivero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22937","article-title":"Differentiating vascular parkinsonism from idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Kalra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-013-0977-1","article-title":"Impact of subcortical white matter lesions on dopamine transporter SPECT","volume":"120","author":"Funke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870020101","article-title":"Gait disorder of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: Binswanger's disease","volume":"2","author":"Thompson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2009.08.006","article-title":"The role of imaging in the diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism","volume":"20","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.10.025","article-title":"123I-MIBG cardiac uptake, smell identification and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in the differential diagnosis between vascular parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Navarro-Otano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.11.033","article-title":"Factors associated with motor severity in vascular parkinsonism with normal dopamine transporter imaging","volume":"94","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.03.017","article-title":"The relationship between cerebral vascular disease and parkinsonism: the VADO study","volume":"18","author":"Antonini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.2741\/s194","article-title":"Role of microglia in the process of inflammation in the hypoxic developing brain","volume":"3","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Biosci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102807","article-title":"Dopamine transporter binding in symptomatic controls and healthy volunteers: considerations for neuroimaging trials","volume":"32","author":"Honkanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B66","first-page":"408","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and vascular parkinsonism by (99m)Tc-TRODAT-1","volume":"42","author":"Tzen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000116401","article-title":"Magnetic resonance signal abnormalities in asymptomatic individuals: their incidence and functional correlates","volume":"29","author":"Fazekas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90175-5","article-title":"Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations","volume":"20","author":"Bernheimer","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.5.965","article-title":"Neurological signs and frontal white matter lesions in vascular parkinsonism. A clinicopathologic study","volume":"28","author":"Yamanouchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10092","volume":"17","author":"Gerschlager","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2882-8","article-title":"Machine learning models for the differential diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease using [(123)I]FP-CIT SPECT","volume":"42","author":"Huertas-Fernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1159\/000115640","article-title":"Diagnostic value of 123I-ioflupane and 123I-iodobenzamide SPECT scans in 248 patients with Parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"59","author":"Vlaar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000458","article-title":"parkinsonism is a late, not rare, feature of CADASIL: a study on Italian patients carrying the R1006C mutation","volume":"44","author":"Ragno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e627","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002721","article-title":"Vascular parkinsonism by infarctions at different locations on 18F-FP-CIT PET\/CT","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105664","article-title":"Nine-years follow-up of cavernoma located in basal ganglia mimicking Parkinson's disease","volume":"190","author":"Modreanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642764","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/642764","article-title":"Focal (123)I-FP-CIT SPECT abnormality in midbrain vascular parkinsonism","volume":"2015","author":"Solla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.1.98","article-title":"Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism","volume":"56","author":"Winikates","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0774-9","article-title":"Subacute hemicorporal parkinsonism in 5 patients with infarcts of the basal ganglia","volume":"114","author":"Vaamonde","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B79","first-page":"566","article-title":"Diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism: correlation of the symptoms with neuroimaging and utility of SPECT with 123I-ioflupane","volume":"23","author":"Perez Saldana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurologia."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.2.0166","article-title":"A proposed classification for spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulous malformations and implications for treatment","volume":"82","author":"Borden","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00075-1","article-title":"Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) presenting progressive dementia and parkinsonism","volume":"165","author":"Matsuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.194.3.7862961","article-title":"Cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical and angiographic correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage","volume":"194","author":"Cognard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.3.308","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistulas as a cause of intracranial hypertension due to impairment of cranial venous outflow","volume":"65","author":"Cognard","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00955.x","article-title":"parkinsonism as an initial manifestation of dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.05.059","article-title":"Two cases of dural arteriovenous fistula presenting with parkinsonism and progressive cognitive dysfunction","volume":"343","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1159\/000510597","article-title":"The challenging clinical management of patients with cranial dural arteriovenous fistula and secondary Parkinson's syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment options","volume":"10","author":"Velz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis Extra."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.15021","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula-associated reversible parkinsonism with presynaptic dopaminergic loss","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mov Disord."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.6971-20","article-title":"The sudden onset of pure parkinsonism caused by intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"61","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00242","article-title":"Advances and challenges in understanding cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"10","author":"Schluter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13631","article-title":"Presynaptic Hemiparkinsonism following cerebral toxoplasmosis: case report and literature review","volume":"10","author":"Malaquias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2002000400002","article-title":"Movement disorders in 28 HIV-infected patients","volume":"60","author":"Mattos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22860","article-title":"HIV-associated parkinsonism with levodopa-induced dyskinesia and response to highly-active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"24","author":"Kobylecki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.0876-18","article-title":"HIV dementia with a decreased cardiac (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake masquerading as dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"57","author":"Kurihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010014","article-title":"Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system?","volume":"12","author":"Desforges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070210","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to coronavirus in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"7","author":"Fazzini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2109","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010282","article-title":"Acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"95","author":"Mendez-Guerrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2023.0011","article-title":"Incidence and characteristics of post-COVID-19 parkinsonism and dyskinesia related to COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"57","author":"Dulski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.09.003","article-title":"Cytokine effects on the basal ganglia and dopamine function: the subcortical source of inflammatory malaise","volume":"33","author":"Felger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94944","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094944","article-title":"Delirium and high fever are associated with subacute motor deterioration in Parkinson disease: a nested case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Umemura","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436813","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/436813","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and systemic inflammation","volume":"2011","author":"Ferrari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym207","article-title":"Review of the effect of measles vaccination on the epidemiology of SSPE","volume":"36","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14166","article-title":"Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinical phenotype, epidemiology, and preventive interventions","volume":"61","author":"Mekki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003744","article-title":"A re-emergence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in the United Kingdom","volume":"42","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120313","article-title":"Adult-onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: case reports and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Singer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03200070051006","article-title":"Epidemiology of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). A report of the SSPE registry","volume":"220","author":"Jabbour","year":"1972","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14062","article-title":"Movement disorders in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Garg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738221085158","article-title":"Spectrum of movement disorders among children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"37","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Neurol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.02.027","article-title":"Initial clinical and radiological findings in patients with SSPE: are they predictive of neurological outcome after 6 months of follow-up?","volume":"18","author":"Garg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000168368.10150.b3","article-title":"F-18 FDG and F-18 FDOPA PET brain imaging in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis","volume":"30","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_655_22","article-title":"Disease-modifying therapy in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: an area of darkness","volume":"26","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0036","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis among adults: a review","volume":"108","author":"Hills","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.7416\/ai.2024.2616","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis can be devastating","volume":"36","author":"Lopalco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Ig."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-009-0244-x","article-title":"Involvement of nigrostriatal pathway in Japanese encephalitis with movement disorders: evidence from 99mTc-TRODAT-1 and 123I-IBZM SPECT imagings","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00318-4","article-title":"Comparison of CT scan and MRI findings in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"174","author":"Kalita","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E657","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171341","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis","volume":"190","author":"Keng","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3180537814","article-title":"Positive Tc-99m TRODAT findings in Japanese encephalitis","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.0337-17","article-title":"A Japanese encephalitis patient presenting with parkinsonism with corresponding laterality of magnetic resonance and dopamine transporter imaging findings","volume":"57","author":"Tadokoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2019.04.005","article-title":"Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging changes in Japanese encephalitis","volume":"41","author":"Arahata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/101.2.333","article-title":"Subacute spongiform encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) the nature and progression of spongiform change","volume":"101","author":"Masters","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.10.004","article-title":"Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review","volume":"12","author":"Maltete","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01075.x","article-title":"Striatal [123I] FP-CIT SPECT demonstrates dopaminergic deficit in a sporadic case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"119","author":"Ragno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2022.2093078","article-title":"18F-FP-CIT PET\/CT in a case of probable sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with parkinsonism as initial symptom","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prion."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000358483","article-title":"Brain dopamine transporter binding and glucose metabolism in progressive supranuclear palsy-like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"6","author":"Rissanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5157275","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5157275","article-title":"Parkinsonism associated with pathological 123I-FP-CIT SPECT (DaTSCAN) results as the initial manifestation of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease case","volume":"2018","author":"Carrasco Garcia de Leon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rep Neurol Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/0036933017727966","article-title":"Rare case of atypical parkinsonism: why family history is important","volume":"62","author":"Malek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scott Med J."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5860-5","article-title":"Striatal 123I-Ioflupane SPECT abnormality in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"258","author":"Hinnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1159\/000328670","article-title":"Unusual dopaminergic depletion in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with early and rapid cognitive decline","volume":"65","author":"Magnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116604","article-title":"Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mimicking dementia with Lewy bodies: clinical and radiological findings","volume":"409","author":"Tomizawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2019.18.4.152","article-title":"A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presented as rapid progressive parkinsonism","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement Neurocogn Disord."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.05.027","article-title":"Parkinsonism in early Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease: possible pre- and post-synaptic mechanism","volume":"343","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.379","article-title":"Recent updates on acquired hepatocerebral degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.01.007","article-title":"Bilateral basal ganglia and unilateral cortical involvement in a diabetic uremic patient","volume":"111","author":"Yoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14255","article-title":"Extrapyramidal syndromes of chronic kidney disease and dialysis (diabetic uremic syndrome) with reversible parkinsonism and lentiform fork sign: a case report and literature review including metformin-induced encephalopathy","volume":"9","author":"Sakurai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.29","article-title":"Movement disorders due to selective basal ganglia lesions with uremia","volume":"47","author":"Hamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.31662\/jmaj.2021-0101","article-title":"Diabetic uremic syndrome presenting reversible parkinsonism with bilateral basal ganglia lesions: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMA J."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-015-1054-7","article-title":"Decreased dopamine transporter and receptor ligand binding in parkinsonism with diabetic uremic syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Ishii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.4.521","article-title":"Chronic parkinsonism associated with cirrhosis: a distinct subset of acquired hepatocerebral degeneration","volume":"60","author":"Burkhard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9341-7","article-title":"Parkinsonism in cirrhosis: pathogenesis and current therapeutic options","volume":"28","author":"Butterworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.45.497","article-title":"Dopamine transporter SPECT of a liver cirrhotic with atypical parkinsonism","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind Health."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2010.05.002","article-title":"Dopaminergic neuronal integrity in parkinsonism associated with liver cirrhosis","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.11.043","article-title":"Cirrhosis-related parkinsonism: prevalence, mechanisms and response to treatments","volume":"58","author":"Tryc","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.02.014","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20381","volume":"20","author":"Racette","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360611","article-title":"Manganese intoxication and chronic liver failure","volume":"36","author":"Hauser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22290","article-title":"Parkinsonism and dystonia caused by the illicit use of ephedrone\u2013a longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"Selikhova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12088","article-title":"Manganese-induced parkinsonism in methcathinone abusers: bio-markers of exposure and follow-up","volume":"20","author":"Sikk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01189.x","article-title":"Clinical, neuroimaging and neurophysiological features in addicts with manganese-ephedrone exposure","volume":"121","author":"Sikk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02606.x","article-title":"Parkinsonism due to ephedrone neurotoxicity: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Colosimo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2005.10.006","article-title":"The diagnosis of manganese-induced parkinsonism","volume":"27","author":"Cersosimo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050334","article-title":"Parkinsonism, pyramidal signs, polyneuropathy, and cognitive decline after long-term occupational solvent exposure","volume":"246","author":"Hageman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.4.1053","article-title":"Presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal dopaminergic function in patients with manganese intoxication: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"48","author":"Shinotoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260510","article-title":"Positron emission tomography in manganese intoxication","volume":"26","author":"Wolters","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2005.12.002","article-title":"Neuroimaging in manganism","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1306.018","article-title":"Manganese-induced parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease","volume":"1012","author":"Olanow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0214-1","article-title":"Dopamine transporter binding in chronic manganese intoxication","volume":"250","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10089","article-title":"Dopamine transporter density is decreased in parkinsonian patients with a history of manganese exposure: what does it mean?","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13250","article-title":"The spectrum of movement disorders in cases with osmotic demyelination syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Sindhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.04.005","article-title":"Movement disorders and the osmotic demyelination syndrome","volume":"19","author":"de","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-009-0244-6","article-title":"(99m)Tc-TRODAT-1 and (123)I-IBZM SPECT studies in a patient with extrapontine myelinolysis with Parkinsonian features","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10331","article-title":"Decreased striatal dopamine transporter binding in a patient with extrapontine myelinolysis","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23876","article-title":"Levodopa-responsive parkinsonism in probable extrapontine myelinolysis of the mesencephalon","volume":"26","author":"Toft","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.08.018","article-title":"Delayed iron deposit and atrophy of the putamen in a case with osmotic demyelination syndrome","volume":"369","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.351","article-title":"Treatment of secondary chorea: a review of the current literature","volume":"10","author":"Feinstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000115674","article-title":"Chorea and polycythaemia","volume":"23","author":"Bruyn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6069-y","article-title":"Reversible abnormal functional neuroimaging presentations in polycythemia vera with chorea","volume":"258","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.4.436","article-title":"Dystonia and chorea in acquired systemic disorders","volume":"65","author":"Janavs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00133-8","article-title":"Chorea associated with non-ketotic hyperglycemia and hyperintensity basal ganglia lesion on T1-weighted brain MRI study: a meta-analysis of 53 cases including four present cases","volume":"200","author":"Oh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.1996","article-title":"Diabetic striatal disease: clinical presentation, neuroimaging, and pathology","volume":"48","author":"Abe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001202","article-title":"Reduced 123I ioflupane binding in bilateral diabetic chorea: findings with 18F FDG PET, 99mTc ECD SPECT, and 123I MIBG scintigraphy","volume":"41","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000327305","article-title":"Decreased contralateral putamen [I]FP-CIT SPECT uptake in hyperglycemic hemichorea-hemiballismus","volume":"65","author":"Belcastro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000956","article-title":"Autoimmune movement disorders with neuronal antibodies - an update","volume":"34","author":"Balint","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060399","article-title":"Parkinsonian syndrome with frontal lobe involvement and anti-glycine receptor antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Endres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70051-1","article-title":"A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study","volume":"13","author":"Sabater","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003887","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of the anti-IgLON5 disease","volume":"88","author":"Gaig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnm.ijnm_108_21","article-title":"Lewy body dementia associated with anti-IgLON 5 encephalitis detected on (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography and 99mTc-TRODAT single-photon emission computed tomography\/computed tomography","volume":"37","author":"Seniaray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14634","article-title":"Altered ioflupane single-photon emission computed tomography in anti-IgLON5 disease: a new case mimicking probable progressive supranuclear palsy and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Gonzalez-Avila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12407","article-title":"Gaze palsy, sleep and gait disorder, as well as Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with IgLON5 antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Montojo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12957","article-title":"Corticobasal syndrome in a patient with anti-IgLON5 antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Fuseya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26608","article-title":"Dystonia, lower limb stiffness, and upward gaze palsy in a patient with IgLON5 antibodies","volume":"31","author":"Bruggemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2021.100382","article-title":"Autoimmune basal ganglia encephalitis associated with anti-recoverin antibodies: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Kitazaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e390","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001728","article-title":"Improved 123I-ioflupane binding after immunotherapy in anti-NAE antibody-positive hashimoto encephalopathy that clinically mimicked multiple system atrophy","volume":"42","author":"Otsuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws256","article-title":"Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders","volume":"135","author":"Dale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-016-0140-9","article-title":"CADA-computer-aided DaTSCAN analysis","volume":"3","author":"Augimeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1586-6","article-title":"Visual versus automated analysis of [I-123]FP-CIT SPECT scans in parkinsonism","volume":"123","author":"Makinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2276-8","article-title":"European multicentre database of healthy controls for [123I]FP-CIT SPECT (ENC-DAT): age-related effects, gender differences and evaluation of different methods of analysis","volume":"40","author":"Varrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-015-0889-6","article-title":"Establishing on-site reference values for (123)I-FP-CIT SPECT (DaTSCAN(R)) using a cohort of individuals with non-degenerative conditions","volume":"18","author":"Nicastro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol."},{"key":"B187","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Clinical testing of an optimized software solution for an automated, observer-independent evaluation of dopamine transporter SPECT studies","volume":"46","author":"Koch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-014-0878-x","article-title":"Comparison between visual assessment of dopaminergic degeneration pattern and semi-quantitative ratio calculations in patients with Parkinson's disease and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes using DaTSCAN(R) SPECT","volume":"28","author":"Davidsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1660747\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T06:10:31Z","timestamp":1762236631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1660747\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":188,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1660747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1660747","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"article-number":"1660747"}}