{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:40:10Z","timestamp":1792060810514,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke is a group of diseases with neurological deficits caused by cerebrovascular lesions. Despite standard treatment, a large number of patients are left with significant upper extremity motor dysfunction. Therefore, improving upper limb motor function and promoting neurological recovery in stroke patients has become a core challenge in the field of neurorehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study will be designed as a randomized, sham controlled clinical trial. Thirty-six patients with upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke will be included, and their Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Motor Function Rating Scale (FMA-UE) score will be \u2264 26 points. Subjects will be randomly assigned to the following three groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f12\/group): HF-rTMS: Treated with high-frequency (5\u202fHz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) on the contralesional side. Low-frequency group (LF-rTMS): Treated with low-frequency (1\u202fHz) rTMS on the primary motor cortex (M1) on the contralesional side. Sham control group: The stimulation target and parameter settings will be the same as those of the high-frequency group, but the coil will be placed perpendicular to the scalp plane. The intervention regimen will be rTMS treatment once daily, five times a week for 3\u202fweeks. Outcome measures: Main outcome measures: Upper limb motor function, assessed by FMA-UE. Secondary outcomes: Barthel Index (BI), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Exploratory indicators: fMRI data and motor evoked potential (MEP) parameters. All assessment data will be collected before and after the intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Communication and ethics<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has been reviewed and approved by the Basic and Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Lun Shen (Yan) No. 353\u20131 of 2025). The results of this research will be disseminated through the network of professionals and the general public, and peer-reviewed scientific papers will be published and presented at relevant conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This trial has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry with registration number ChiCTR2500105502.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1669862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T05:23:55Z","timestamp":1767331435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper extremity motor function in stroke survivors: study protocol of a randomized sham-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e231455","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1455","article-title":"Estimated burden of stroke in China in 2020","volume":"6","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e897","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00228-0","article-title":"Temporal trend and attributable risk factors of stroke burden in China, 1990-2019: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e051630","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051630","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for upper limb motor function and activities of daily living in patients with stroke: a protocol of a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.17.2095","article-title":"Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial","volume":"296","author":"Wolf","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-162","article-title":"Outcome and upper extremity function within 72 hours after first occasion of stroke in an unselected population at a stroke unit. 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