{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T05:27:02Z","timestamp":1764912422152,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore various factors influencing postoperative hearing recovery in patients with middle ear cholesteatoma and to construct and validate a clinical prediction model for postoperative hearing recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical data from 548 patients diagnosed with middle ear cholesteatoma, gathered between May 2019 and December 2023, were randomly split into a training cohort and a validation cohort in a ratio of 7:3. To enhance feature selection, we utilized univariate logistic regression analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression model to identify significant variables and develop the prediction model. The model\u2019s ability to predict outcomes was assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, while its clinical relevance was evaluated through calibration curves and clinical decision curves. Ultimately, the study findings were visually illustrated with a nomogram.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings from both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses suggest that several predictive factors are significant. These factors encompass the completeness of the ossicular chain, granulation tissue presence within the ossicular chain, the use of ossicular prostheses, eustachian tube functionality, instances of mixed hearing loss, ear conditions (either dry or wet), diabetes, and hypertension. For the training cohort, the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to be 0.992 (95% CI 0.84\u20130.99), with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test yielding\n                      <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f10.54 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.29. In the validation cohort, the AUC was 0.977 (95% CI 0.82\u20130.98), and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test revealed\n                      <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f8.54 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.42. After implementing strict post-split preprocessing to mitigate overfitting and data leakage risks, the model was re-evaluated. The bootstrap-corrected AUC for the training cohort was 0.980 (95% CI, 0.82\u20130.99), and the cross-validated, optimism-corrected AUC for the validation cohort was 0.965 (95% CI, 0.80\u20130.98). A nomogram has been developed to visually forecast postoperative hearing recovery in individuals diagnosed with middle ear cholesteatoma. Additionally, the calibration curve, along with the clinical decision curve, indicates that this predictive model is both stable and trustworthy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This nomogram is an effective tool for predicting hearing recovery in patients with middle ear cholesteatoma, providing evidence-based support for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1673842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T05:13:55Z","timestamp":1764911635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A clinical predictive model for hearing recovery after middle ear cholesteatoma surgery based on machine learning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yahui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2024.2344818","article-title":"Risk factors for middle ear cholesteatoma surgery based on Korean population data","volume":"144","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000952","article-title":"Sensorineural hearing loss in cholesteatoma","volume":"37","author":"Rosito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061780","article-title":"Augmented reality-assisted Transcanal endoscopic ear surgery for middle ear cholesteatoma","volume":"13","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2014.11.009","article-title":"Hearing loss assessment in primary and secondary acquired cholesteatoma","volume":"81","author":"Olsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.888","article-title":"Impact of reduced acidic earwax pH and earwax-determinant genotypes in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma","volume":"171","author":"Hara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-023-00681-2","article-title":"Experience in the management of sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis secondary to middle ear cholesteatoma","volume":"52","author":"Fei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08567-3","article-title":"Occurrence of mucosa-affecting diseases of the upper airways in middle ear cholesteatoma patients: a nationwide case-control study","volume":"281","author":"Mod\u00e9e Borgstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorrinolaringol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455613241262129","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613241262129","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of unexplained conductive hearing loss with intact tympanic membrane: a systematic review","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2024.07.014","article-title":"Management of cholesteatoma: hearing rehabilitation","volume":"58","author":"Pittman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51706","DOI":"10.2196\/51706","article-title":"A 3D and explainable artificial intelligence model for evaluation of chronic otitis media based on temporal bone computed tomography: model development, validation, and clinical application","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3182487f98","article-title":"Application of active middle ear implants in patients with severe mixed hearing loss","volume":"33","author":"Verhaegen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414525335","article-title":"Partial mastoid obliteration combined with soft-wall reconstruction for middle ear cholesteatoma","volume":"123","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.10.014","article-title":"Open vs closed type congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear: two distinct entities or two aspects of the same phenomenon?","volume":"78","author":"Bacciu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2011.652743","article-title":"Open-type congenital cholesteatoma: differential diagnosis for conductive hearing loss with a normal tympanic membrane","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.4660","article-title":"Outcomes of endoscopic congenital cholesteatoma removal in South 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Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1673842\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T05:13:55Z","timestamp":1764911635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1673842\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":18,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1673842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1673842","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"article-number":"1673842"}}