{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:41:52Z","timestamp":1760589712973,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than 50% of people who are diagnosed with whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) will report symptoms 12\u202fmonths and beyond after their initial onset. However, many signs and symptoms, such as dizziness, emotional lability, confusion, ocular movement abnormalities, and balance deficits, may not be directly attributed to the cervical spine and may be more consistent with post-concussive syndrome (PCS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 15 people with chronic (&amp;gt;3\u202fmonths) WAD and 15 age-sex match controls were recruited. They were evaluated on clinical tools commonly used to assess signs and symptoms associated with concussion and PCS, including self-report symptoms, balance, cognition, and vestibular-ocular assessments. All scores were assessed for differences between the two groups, and effect sizes were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All testing, except for balance, demonstrated significant differences between the groups. Within the ocular motion, 31\/34 variables moved less efficiently in the WAD group. Using an exact binomial paired sign test, the likelihood of all eight ocular composite groups being less efficient in the WAD group is reported as <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with chronic WAD demonstrate subtle but significant differences in ocular movement when compared to a control group. They also demonstrated significant differences on measures commonly used in the assessment of PCS despite never being diagnosed with it. These differences may contribute to some of the ongoing disability burden that this population commonly reports.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1676654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:18:41Z","timestamp":1760588321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subtle ocular motor deficits in people with chronic whiplash associated disorder compared to healthy controls"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Brad","family":"Callan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vintimilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Gulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6918","article-title":"Recovery pathways and prognosis after whiplash injury","volume":"46","author":"Ritchie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590161","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1590161","article-title":"Cervical spine involvement in mild traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"2016","author":"Morin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405010-00006","article-title":"Soft tissue injury threshold during simulated whiplash: a biomechanical investigation","volume":"29","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"VA evidence-based synthesis program reports","volume-title":"Complications of mild traumatic brain injury in veterans and military personnel: A systematic review","author":"O'Neil","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2024.2315735","article-title":"The sport concussion assessment tool: a multidimensional symptom model for detecting elevated post-concussion symptoms","author":"Ingram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2024.02.005","article-title":"Acute concussion","volume":"35","author":"Plummer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.7049","article-title":"Whiplash injury or concussion? 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