{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:20:52Z","timestamp":1787026852745,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interleukin-40 (IL-40), as an immune regulatory factor discovered in recent years, mainly plays a role in B-cell-related immune responses and is involved in the pathological processes of various inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. However, its role in myasthenia gravis (MG) has rarely been reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the serum IL-40 levels in 58 MG patients and 55 healthy controls, and conducted a detailed analysis of the clinical data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The serum IL-40 level in MG patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001). After immunotherapy, the serum IL-40 level in MG patients significantly decreased (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001). In MG, the IL-40 level of severe patients was significantly higher than that of mild patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001). The ROC curve determined that the cut-off value for distinguishing IL-40 in MG from healthy controls was 15.63\u202fpg\/mL, with an AUC of 0.846 (95% CI: 0.773\u20130.919), 74.1% specificity, and 85.5% sensitivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The serum IL-40 level in MG patients is elevated and is correlated with the severity of the disease. High levels of IL-40 may serve as a specific indicator for monitoring disease activity, which supports its potential as a non-invasive biomarker for disease monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1680530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T04:19:10Z","timestamp":1758082750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum interleukin-40 increases in anti-AchR antibody-positive myasthenia gravis and correlates with disease activity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingzhe","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taofeng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Gilhus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103875","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis with antibodies against the AChR, current knowledge on pathophysiology and an update on treatment strategies with special focus on targeting plasma cells","volume":"24","author":"Mane-Damas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13573","article-title":"Agrin and LRP4 antibodies as new biomarkers of myasthenia gravis","volume":"1413","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13502","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of cortactin antibodies in myasthenia gravis","volume":"1412","author":"Illa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08218-3","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines in myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Shushtari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700534","article-title":"Identification of IL-40, a novel B cell-associated cytokine","volume":"199","author":"Catalan-Dibene","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3968767","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3968767","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the role of Interleukin-40 as a biomarker for diagnosing inflammatory diseases","volume":"2024","author":"Dabbagh-Gorjani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.12.029","article-title":"ROC-ing along: evaluation and interpretation of receiver operating characteristic curves","volume":"159","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01885-z","article-title":"Increased serum IL-36gamma levels are associated with disease severity in myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2025.04.035","article-title":"Contribution of cellular immune dysregulation to myasthenia gravis pathology","volume":"182","author":"Bayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05257-2","article-title":"Inhibition of Interleukin-40 prevents multi-organ damage during sepsis by blocking NETosis","volume":"29","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002894","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002894","article-title":"New pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-40 is produced by activated neutrophils and plays a role in the early stages of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Navratilova","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03372-z","article-title":"IL-40 is up-regulated in the synovial fluid and cartilage of osteoarthritis patients and contributes to the alteration of chondrocytes phenotype in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Cerezo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103395","article-title":"Peripheral immune profiling highlights a dynamic role of low-density granulocytes in myasthenia gravis","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1680530\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T04:19:11Z","timestamp":1758082751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1680530\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1680530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1680530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"article-number":"1680530"}}