{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:03:44Z","timestamp":1772690624349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumonia is a serious complication of stroke, particularly in patients with dysphagia during inpatient rehabilitation, as it significantly increases morbidity, prolongs hospital stays, and impairs functional recovery. Early identification of patients at risk for pneumonia is crucial for improving outcomes and reducing post-stroke complications. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive algorithm for predicting post-stroke pneumonia risk by integrating clinical assessments of defense mechanisms against pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case-control study enrolled stroke patients at a single tertiary hospital and followed them for 4\u202fweeks to assess pneumonia incidence. A total of 812 patients aged 20\u202fyears or older with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and signs of dysphagia were screened. Of these, 484 were excluded based on the following criteria: inability to maintain a sitting posture with back support, dyspnea requiring oxygen supplementation, concurrent aspiration pneumonia before enrollment, infectious diseases requiring isolation, and refusal to participate. Final cohort of 328 patients was enrolled. All participants underwent evaluations, including a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS), a modified cough reflex test (mCRT), and assessments of nutritional status (serum albumin) and cognitive function [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)]. Pneumonia was diagnosed using the Mann criteria, and predictive factors were analyzed using univariate logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 328 participants, 28 (8.5%) developed pneumonia. Significant predictors included tracheostomy status (OR 9.34), VFSS-confirmed aspiration (OR 8.21) and bilateral stroke lesions (OR 5.91). CART analysis revealed tracheostomy, VFSS-confirmed aspiration, cough frequency, albumin levels, and MMSE scores as key predictors. The algorithm demonstrated a predictive accuracy of 92.7% with an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82\u20130.95).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a highly accurate predictive algorithm for post-stroke pneumonia, emphasizing the role of defense mechanisms against pneumonia. Implementing this algorithm in clinical practice could enable early preventive measures, reduce pneumonia incidence, and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1690049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T05:18:15Z","timestamp":1763529495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predicting pneumonia algorithm in stroke patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jong Weon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Joung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Ju","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeseul","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deog Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018806196","article-title":"Frequency of post-stroke pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"14","author":"Badve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-110","article-title":"Post-stroke infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Westendorp","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70266-2","article-title":"Medical complications after stroke","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.27.7.1200","article-title":"Complications and outcome after acute stroke. 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