{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:23:36Z","timestamp":1785327816857,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are highly prevalent in Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) and increasingly well characterized through both subjective assessments\u2014such as questionnaires\u2014and objective techniques, including polysomnography and actigraphy. These disturbances encompass a broad range of features, including sleep fragmentation, altered sleep architecture, insomnia, and delayed circadian phase, often emerging years before motor onset. This review outlines the clinical relevance of sleep dysfunction in HD and its potential bidirectional relationship with neurodegeneration, highlighting mechanisms that may contribute to symptom progression and disease burden. Emerging evidence, primarily from preclinical HD models, suggests that dysregulated sleep\u2013wake and circadian processes may accelerate underlying neuropathological changes. We describe the clinical presentation of sleep-related disturbances in HD, including abnormal nocturnal motor activity and insomnia, while also noting less frequent phenomena such as sleep-related breathing disturbances and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). In parallel, we summarize findings on circadian misalignment and its association with altered melatonin signaling, hypothalamic pathology, and disrupted gene expression rhythms. Sleep and circadian disturbances are further linked to cognitive impairment and reduced quality of life. Finally, the review outlines current therapeutic strategies\u2014derived from studies in other neurodegenerative disorders, animal models, and the first randomized controlled trial conducted in HD\u2014highlighting the need for targeted interventions. Altogether, the available evidence suggests that sleep and circadian dysfunctions are modifiable components of HD that warrant greater attention in both research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1693307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:22:05Z","timestamp":1762496525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dysfunctions of sleep and the circadian rhythm in Huntington\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paulina","family":"Kaczmarska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Rudzi\u0144ska-Bar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198511000-00003","article-title":"Neuropathological classification of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Vonsattel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988703255684","article-title":"Development of diagnostic criteria for defining sleep disturbance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Yesavage","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(01)00026-8","article-title":"Approaching disturbed sleep in late Parkinson's disease: first step toward a proposal for a revised UPDRS","volume":"8","author":"Askenasy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10334-3","article-title":"The sleep and circadian problems of Huntington\u2019s disease: when, why and their importance","volume":"268","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2023.2.20220108","article-title":"The consequences of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101661","article-title":"Observational and experimental studies on sleep duration and aggression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Van Veen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2019.01.007","article-title":"The impact of sleep deprivation on declarative memory","volume":"246","author":"Cousins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3343-7","article-title":"Low-grade neuroinflammation due to chronic sleep deprivation results in anxiety and learning and memory impairments","volume":"449","author":"Manchanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.03.016","article-title":"Sleep deprivation impairs synaptic tagging in mouse hippocampal slices","volume":"154","author":"Vecsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30318-1","article-title":"The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","article-title":"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2","volume":"4","author":"Iliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3020-14.2014","article-title":"Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Iliff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8739","article-title":"Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia","volume":"370","author":"Nedergaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.4.393c","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"171","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.02.009","article-title":"Sleep and circadian rhythm alterations correlate with depression and cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease","volume":"16","author":"Aziz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RRN1189","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.RRN1189","article-title":"Identifying sleep disturbances in Huntington's disease using a simple disease-focused questionnaire","volume":"2","author":"Goodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Curr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200461","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200461","article-title":"Suicidal ideation and sleep disturbances among people with Huntington disease: evidence from the HDBOI study","volume":"15","author":"Rodr\u00edguez Santana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PARKRELDIS.2021.08.011","article-title":"Sleep disturbances by disease type and stage in Huntington's disease","volume":"91","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1159\/000480701","article-title":"Subjective assessment of sleep in Huntington disease: reliability of sleep questionnaires compared to polysomnography","volume":"17","author":"Piano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24495","article-title":"Sleep deficits but no metabolic deficits in premanifest Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Lazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.4.482","article-title":"Rapid eye movement sleep disturbances in Huntington disease","volume":"65","author":"Arnulf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects","author":"Rechtschaffen","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/09647049609525671","article-title":"The discovery of REM sleep","volume":"5","author":"Aserinsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hist Neurosci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5517-4","article-title":"How vital is sleep in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"257","author":"Goodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4996","article-title":"Polysomnographic findings and clinical correlates in Huntington disease: a cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Piano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-010-0163-x","article-title":"Asymptomatic sleep abnormalities are a common early feature in patients with Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Goodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314781","article-title":"Nocturnal sleep in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"238","author":"Wiegand","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.021","article-title":"Nocturnal agitation in Huntington disease is caused by arousal-related abnormal movements rather than by rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder","volume":"16","author":"Neutel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsz154","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz154","article-title":"Sleep in Huntington\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomongraphic findings","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.10.035","article-title":"The association of saccadic abnormalities with REM sleep in patients with Huntington's disease","volume":"93","author":"Annapureddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0001001","article-title":"Sleep fragmentation, 24-hr rest-activity patterns, and cognitive function in premanifest Huntington\u2019s disease: an actigraphy study","volume":"39","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaf126","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf126","article-title":"Sleep abnormalities are associated with greater cognitive deficits and disease activity in Huntington\u2019s disease: a 12-year polysomnographic study","volume":"7","author":"Voysey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2017.09.006","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disorders and sleep","volume":"13","author":"Malhotra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12258","article-title":"Nocturnal post-arousal chorea and repetitive ballistic movement in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Ranjan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0987-7053(96)81034-3","article-title":"Sleep features in Tourette\u2019s syndrome, neuroacanthocytosis and Huntington\u2019s chorea","volume":"25","author":"Silvestri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.35.11.1672","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and severity of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Hansotia","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.10.002","article-title":"Daytime somnolence and nocturnal sleep disturbances in Huntington disease","volume":"15","author":"Videnovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/18796397241287227","article-title":"Sleep-wake cycle and 24-h motor activity in early-mid Huntington\u2019s disease patients: an actigraphy-based study","volume":"13","author":"Scaglione","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Huntingtons Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-180291","article-title":"Circadian rhythm, cognition and mood disorders in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Diago","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Huntingtons Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(88)90174-8","article-title":"Respiration during sleep in Huntington\u2019s chorea","volume":"84","author":"Bollen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/15402000903190215","article-title":"Sleep patterns in patients with Huntington\u2019s disease and their unaffected first-degree relatives: a brief report","volume":"7","author":"Cuturic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.01.020","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep-related breathing disorders and associated risk factors among people with dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Aini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5196-1","article-title":"Delayed onset of the diurnal melatonin rise in patients with Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"256","author":"Aziz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26003","article-title":"Plasma melatonin is reduced in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Kalliolia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3842-04.2005","article-title":"Disintegration of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian timing in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Morton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.01.009","article-title":"Using Actiwatch to monitor circadian rhythm disturbance in Huntington\u2019 disease: a cautionary note","volume":"265","author":"Townhill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.08.026","article-title":"Sleep fragmentation despite intact rest-activity patterns in premanifest Huntington\u2019s disease: an actigraphy study","volume":"124","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.12.011","article-title":"Dysfunctions in circadian behavior and physiology in mouse models of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"228","author":"Kudo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24320","article-title":"Pathophysiology in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mouse models of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"96","author":"Kuljis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2314","article-title":"Suprachiasmatic nucleus neuropeptide expression in patients with Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Van Wamelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R93","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-19-0153","article-title":"Circadian clock genes and the transcriptional architecture of the clock mechanism","volume":"63","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020343","article-title":"Mechanisms of communication in the mammalian circadian timing system","volume":"20","author":"Astiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7869","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0649-07.2007","article-title":"Pharmacological imposition of sleep slows cognitive decline and reverses dysregulation of circadian gene expression in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease","volume":"27","author":"Pallier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10199","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1694-10.2010","article-title":"Disruption of peripheral circadian timekeeping in a mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease and its restoration by temporally scheduled feeding","volume":"30","author":"Maywood","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu067","article-title":"Early and progressive circadian abnormalities in Huntington's disease sheep are unmasked by social environment","volume":"23","author":"Morton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi004","article-title":"Orexin loss in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Peters\u00e9n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199007000-00002","article-title":"Atrophy of the hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus in Huntington's disease","volume":"49","author":"Kremer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.12.1607","article-title":"CSF hypocretin levels are normal in Huntington's disease patients","volume":"28","author":"Gaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2018.02.001","article-title":"Investigating the relationships between hypothalamic volume and measures of circadian rhythm and habitual sleep in premanifest Huntington's disease","volume":"6","author":"Bartlett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000065888.88988.6e","article-title":"Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD: an MRI-based morphometric analysis","volume":"60","author":"Rosas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530260052019","article-title":"Locus coeruleus involvement in Huntington's disease","volume":"49","author":"Zweig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00201-2","article-title":"Changes in sleep-waking cycle after striatal excitotoxic lesions","volume":"136","author":"Mena-Segovia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt329","article-title":"The caudate: a key node in the neuronal network imbalance of insomnia?","volume":"137","author":"Stoffers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2008.10.4\/plfranzen","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and depression: risk relationships for subsequent depression and therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Franzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.08.007","article-title":"The effects of sleep deprivation on symptoms of psychopathology in healthy adults","volume":"8","author":"Kahn-Greene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2253","article-title":"Sleep benefits subsequent hippocampal functioning","volume":"12","author":"van der Werf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00726-3","article-title":"Neurophysiological and behavioral effects of anti-orexinergic treatments in a mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Cabanas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00344","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.344","article-title":"Possible use of a H3R antagonist for the management of nonmotor symptoms in the Q175 mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Whittaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.03.021","article-title":"Subjective sleep problems in Huntington's disease: a pilot investigation of the relationship to brain structure, neurocognitive, and neuropsychiatric function","volume":"364","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2003.10.012","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of sleep disorders in extrapyramidal disease","volume":"5","author":"Brotini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2000.0127","article-title":"Treatment of sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"4","author":"McCurry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1894-22.2023","article-title":"Restoration of sleep and circadian behavior by autophagy modulation in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6309","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411704200","article-title":"Effect of haloperidol on mPer1 gene expression in mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei","volume":"280","author":"Viyoch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-180293","article-title":"Clinical management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Huntington disease: expert-based consensus guidelines on agitation, anxiety, apathy, psychosis and sleep disorders","volume":"7","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Huntingtons Dis."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00959-7","article-title":"The treatment of sleep dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"18","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2174\/187152707779940835","article-title":"Effects of psychiatric medications on sleep and sleep disorders","volume":"6","author":"DeMartinis","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0816-4","article-title":"Effects of antidepressants on sleep","volume":"19","author":"Wichniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2025.100306","article-title":"Memantine-induced delayed sleep phase in Huntington's disease: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Fujita","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.15.45","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances in Huntington disease","volume":"5","author":"van Wamelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009178","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009178.pub3","article-title":"Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia","volume":"11","author":"McCleery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.02.032","article-title":"Melatonin for Huntington's disease (HD) gene carriers with HD-related sleep disturbance: a pilot study","volume":"129","author":"Zadegan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02096-3","article-title":"Orexin receptor antagonists for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and associated sleep disorders","volume":"84","author":"Carpi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.11.008","article-title":"Behavioral therapy reverses circadian deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease","volume":"63","author":"Cuesta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767105","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/767105","article-title":"Bright light therapy in Parkinson's disease: an overview of the background and evidence","volume":"2012","author":"Rutten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1145","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007090","article-title":"Bright light therapy for depression in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Rutten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003946","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003946.pub4","article-title":"Light therapy for improving cognition, activities of daily living, sleep, challenging behaviour, and psychiatric disturbances in dementia","volume":"2014","author":"Forbes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290678","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1290678","article-title":"Tailored lighting intervention (TLI) for improving sleep-wake cycles in older adults living with dementia","volume":"14","author":"Figueiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00406-z","article-title":"Dietary fasting and time-restricted eating in Huntington\u2019s disease: therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Wells","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081777","article-title":"Circadian interventions in preclinical models of Huntington\u2019s disease: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Dell\u2019Angelica","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0319253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319253","article-title":"Time-restricted eating in early-stage Huntington\u2019s disease: a 12-week interventional clinical trial protocol","volume":"20","author":"Wells","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2011.01.003","article-title":"Histamine receptors in the CNS as targets for therapeutic intervention","volume":"32","author":"Passani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-200434","article-title":"Sleep dysfunction in Huntington\u2019s disease: perspectives from patients","volume":"9","author":"Tanigaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Huntingtons Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1693307\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:22:06Z","timestamp":1762496526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1693307\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1693307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1693307","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"article-number":"1693307"}}