{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:42:42Z","timestamp":1769636562963,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long COVID, also called post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is a multi-system syndrome affecting millions of people worldwide. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Long COVID are particularly debilitating; however, they have not been reported in detail from India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study compared the demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, and neuropsychiatric profiles of patients with Long COVID symptoms that began within 3\u202fmonths of the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection and persisted for approximately 2.5\u202fyears at the time of evaluation. The study was conducted at NIMS University (Jaipur, Rajasthan, India).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 1,085 participants, 521 had COVID-19 pneumonia requiring hospitalization, while 564 had a mild initial respiratory presentation and were never hospitalized. On average 2.5\u202fyears after acute infection, our principal finding is that Long COVID differs based on initial disease severity. Post-hospitalization patients were older than the non-hospitalized group (43.24 vs. 36.15\u202fyears;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001), had a higher body-mass index, and a more frequent prior history of lung disease (7.7% vs. 2.7%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Overall, 69.6% of participants had at least one neurologic symptom, including myalgia (18.5%), dizziness (17.3%), headache (16.6%), pain (15.7%), anosmia (13.3%), brain fog (9.4%), numbness (6.0%), tinnitus (5.5%), and dysgeusia (3.7%), with only dizziness being more frequent in the post-hospitalization than the non-hospitalized group (20.3% vs. 14.5%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.012). Conversely, non-hospitalized patients had more frequent fatigue (23.2% vs. 6.0%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001), sleep problems (18.4% vs. 7.7%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001), chest pain (8.2% vs. 2.9%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001), and gastrointestinal symptoms (7.8% vs. 2.9%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001), while post-hospitalization patients more frequently complained of shortness of breath (9.6% vs. 2.7%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001). Overall, 4.9% of participants had cognitive dysfunction on the MMSE test, while 10.4% suffered from stress, and 12.7 and 9.2% had anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively, on DASS assessment, without significant differences between the two groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study highlights differences in demographics and clinical presentation of Long COVID between post-hospitalization and non-hospitalized individuals in India. The high frequency of neurologic manifestations 2.5\u202fyears after disease onset underscores the need for early detection and targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1704801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:19:46Z","timestamp":1762924786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Long COVID in India: a persistent problem 2.5\u202fyears after disease onset"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anurag Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahaveer","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tushar","family":"Jagawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Nathiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balvir","family":"Singh Tomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savita","family":"Jagawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Millenia","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor J.","family":"Koralnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","year":""},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012245","article-title":"Post COVID sequelae among COVID-19 survivors: insights from the Indian National Clinical Registry for COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08600-6","article-title":"Characterization and predictive risk scoring of long COVID in a south Indian cohort after breakthrough COVID infection; 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