{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:48:08Z","timestamp":1792036088529,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies but is increasingly associated with unique neurotoxic complications. While cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) are well-characterized, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) remains a rare and underrecognized adverse event. This PRISMA-guided systematic review, supplemented by a novel case report, outlines the clinical, radiographic, and diagnostic characteristics of GBS following CAR T-cell therapy. A total of 10 cases were evaluated, including a case from our institution involving a 30-year-old male with high-grade B-cell lymphoma who developed GBS with lasting neurological deficits despite treatment. Across reported cases, the onset of GBS ranged from 5 to 78\u202fdays following CAR T-cell infusion and was frequently preceded by CRS. Notably, 60% of patients exhibited facial nerve involvement, with cranial neuropathies often preceding peripheral symptoms, an atypical presentation that differs from classic GBS. Radiographic imaging often demonstrated facial nerve enhancement, while cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed albuminocytologic dissociation with mild pleocytosis. Although intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was the mainstay treatment, clinical responses were limited, raising questions about pathophysiology. Unlike classic GBS, which is typically antibody-mediated, CAR T-cell\u2013associated GBS may stem from non-specific immune activation and cytokine-driven bystander injury. This review suggests CAR T-cell\u2013related GBS may represent a distinct clinical entity with unique radiologic findings. Early recognition and further mechanistic investigation are essential to guide effective management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1704826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T10:59:38Z","timestamp":1763031578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Guillain-Barre syndrome in patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: an individual participant data meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Kilroe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie E.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Ann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Salamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.19462","article-title":"CAR T cells and T-cell therapies for cancer: a translational science review","volume":"332","author":"Brudno","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4921","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202005_21181","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) on relapse\/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (R\/R DLBCL): a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023023419","article-title":"CAR T cells vs bispecific antibody as third- or later-line large Bcell lymphoma therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15412","article-title":"How i manage patients with relapsed\/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma","volume":"182","author":"Gisselbrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2025.101601","article-title":"CARs for lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Tatake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Haematol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804980","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"380","author":"Schuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707447","article-title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"377","author":"Neelapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31366-0","article-title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study","volume":"396","author":"Abramson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00933-8","article-title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, a B-cell maturation antigen-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CARTITUDE-1): a phase 1b\/2 open-label study","volume":"398","author":"Berdeja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024850","article-title":"Idecabtagene vicleucel in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"384","author":"Munshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-025-01112-8","article-title":"Neurological complications of CAR T cell therapy for cancers","volume":"21","author":"Karschnia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz053","article-title":"Neurological toxicities associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy","volume":"142","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7652","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147652","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome associated with T-cell-based therapies for hematological malignancies: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Cosenza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.07.025","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity following CAR T-cell therapy for hematologic malignancies","volume":"146","author":"Freyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153912","article-title":"Treatment-related adverse events of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950923","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.950923","article-title":"The pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CAR-T cell therapy-related adverse reactions","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1576","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1576","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome after CAR-T treatment","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"WIREs Mech Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879608","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.879608","article-title":"Immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome in chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy","volume":"13","author":"Sterner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0698","article-title":"Endothelial activation and blood\u2013brain barrier disruption in neurotoxicity after adoptive immunotherapy with CD19 CAR-T cells","volume":"7","author":"Gust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25502","article-title":"Glial injury in neurotoxicity after pediatric CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy","volume":"86","author":"Gust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.03.006","article-title":"Clinical presentation, risk factors, and outcomes of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome following chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Grant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16174","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16174","article-title":"Patterns of neurotoxicity among patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: a single-centre cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Sales","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06841-6","article-title":"Pre-existing frontal lobe dysfunction signs as predictors of subsequent neurotoxicity in CAR T cell therapy: insights from a case series","volume":"44","author":"Fontanelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.13138","article-title":"Neuroimaging of complications arising after CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: a review","volume":"33","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2022.2074990","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings in immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy","volume":"63","author":"Lapidus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392831","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1392831","article-title":"Incidence of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity among patients treated with CAR T-cell therapy for hematologic malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06916-6","article-title":"Autoreactive T cells target peripheral nerves in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"626","author":"S\u00faken\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572949","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1572949","article-title":"Evolving understanding of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome pathophysiology and the central role of the classical complement pathway in axonal injury","volume":"16","author":"Gorson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.138","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 and Miller fisher syndromes\u2014new diagnostic classification","volume":"10","author":"Wakerley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A6183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.07.3978","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome following anti-BCMA CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"164","author":"Rutenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006059","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006059","article-title":"Diabetes insipidus and Guillain- Barr\u00e9-like syndrome following CAR- T cell therapy: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Koch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Neurological complication, possibly related to anti-BCMA CAR-T cell therapy. Presented by the Clinical Hematology Department, Institute Catal\u00e0 d\u2019Oncologia\u2013Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain. The EBMT","author":"Pe\u00f1a Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9-11.008","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.000000000020544","article-title":"PBC-like variant of GBS associated with CAR-T therapy (P9-11.008)","volume":"102","author":"Raju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12640","article-title":"Severe motor weakness due to disturbance in peripheral nerves following tisagenlecleucel treatment","volume":"35","author":"Kuboki","year":"2021","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16.006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.000000000021076","article-title":"Peripheral and cranial neuropathies following CAR-T cell therapy for multiple myeloma: a case series (S16.006)","volume":"104","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref37","author":"Miller","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433075","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1433075","article-title":"Safety assessment of anti-B cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: a real-world study based on the FDA adverse event reporting system database","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2416542","article-title":"Neurotoxicity associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: a real-world study leveraging the FDA adverse event reporting system","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-0378","article-title":"FDA approval summary: ciltacabtagene autoleucel for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"30","author":"Natrajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0759-x","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome observed with adoptive transfer of lymphocytes genetically engineered with an NY-ESO-1 reactive T-cell receptor","volume":"7","author":"Joseph","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001155","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc2020-001155","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome after adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes","volume":"8","author":"Orcurto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou001","article-title":"Atypical neurological complications of ipilimumab therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"16","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1093","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008091","article-title":"Varied phenotypes and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor\u2013associated neuropathies","volume":"93","author":"Dubey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7776","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-202119","article-title":"Brentuximab associated Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (BVGBS): case series and a review of pharmacovigilance FDA adverse reporting system (FAERS)","volume":"144","author":"Pradeep","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115707","article-title":"Neurological adverse events of ICI therapy: a ten-year comprehensive management from a multidisciplinary team","volume":"228","author":"Di Giacomo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.024","article-title":"Beyond steroids: immunosuppressants in steroid-refractory or resistant immune-related adverse events","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080764","article-title":"Unravelling the acute, chronic and steroid-refractory management of high-grade neurological immune-related adverse events: a call to action","volume":"14","author":"Malvaso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114028","article-title":"Second-line therapies for steroid-refractory immunerelated adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"203","author":"Ruf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-025-02243-4","article-title":"Long-term toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors","author":"Abraham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200314","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200314","article-title":"Clinical course of neurologic adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: focus on chronic toxicities","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582592","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0057","article-title":"NCCN guidelines\u00ae insights: management of immunotherapy-related toxicities, version 2.2024","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Netw"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.022","article-title":"Single-cell analyses identify brain mural cells expressing CD19 as potential off-tumor targets for CAR-T immunotherapies","volume":"183","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010644","article-title":"The mechanisms of altered blood-brain barrier permeability in CD19 CAR T-cell recipients","volume":"25","author":"Pinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2023.12.532","article-title":"Clinical experience with cranial nerve impairment in the CARTITUDE-1, CARTITUDE-2 cohorts A, B and C, and CARTITUDE-4 studies of ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel)","volume":"30","author":"van de Donk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2703","article-title":"Clinical predictors of neurotoxicity after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy","volume":"77","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8213-3","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome\u2014a classical autoimmune disease triggered by infection or vaccination","volume":"42","author":"Israeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102665","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a field synopsis and systematic meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2025.10107","article-title":"Systematic review: mental health outcomes in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5653-x","article-title":"Factors associated with long-term functional outcomes and psychological sequelae in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"257","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/ctn9010018","article-title":"The interdisciplinary synergy between neurology and psychiatry: advancing brain health","volume":"9","author":"Accorroni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Neurosci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.0119567","article-title":"Neuroimmunology of behavioral comorbidities associated with cancer and cancer treatments","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.47.3.813","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of MRI lumbosacral nerve root enhancement in acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Gorson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13060445","article-title":"Associations between personality traits and areas of job satisfaction: pay, work itself, security, and hours worked","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0087","article-title":"PANDAS and PANS: clinical, neuropsychological, and biological characterization of a monocentric series of patients and proposal for a diagnostic protocol","volume":"29","author":"Gamucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020155","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in PANS\/PANDAS in children: in search of a qualified treatment\u2014a systematic review and metanalysis","volume":"9","author":"Cocuzza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.037","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors","volume":"89","author":"Mazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250774","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1250774","article-title":"Miller fisher syndrome: an updated narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Noioso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.208.1.9646804","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: MR imaging findings of the spine in eight patients","volume":"208","author":"Byun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2386","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207282","article-title":"CSF findings in relation to clinical characteristics, subtype, and disease course in patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Al-Hakem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt285","article-title":"Diagnosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria","volume":"137","author":"Fokke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.51.6_suppl_5.s9","article-title":"Treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"51","author":"Sater","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.05.020","article-title":"Sialylated intravenous immunoglobulin suppress antiganglioside antibody mediated nerve injury","volume":"282","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.10.006","article-title":"A review of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuroimmune conditions, acute COVID-19 infection, and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"123","author":"Morse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1704826\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T10:59:39Z","timestamp":1763031579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1704826\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2025.1704826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1704826","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"article-number":"1704826"}}