{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:09:53Z","timestamp":1771931393953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cell-based therapy is a promising approach for ischemic stroke treatment. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to consolidate clinical evidence on the use of neuroimaging to evaluate stem cell therapy across all stages of stroke recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted in 5 databases in July 2025. They were included if neuroimaging analysis, regardless of cell source, route administration or dosage were reported. The level of evidence and risk of bias were assessed using the ROB-2 or ROBINS-I tool. Imaging data from all included articles were extracted, and randomized-effect meta-analyses were performed when two or more outcomes were available for any reported imaging parameter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty articles were included in the systematic review, of which four were eligible for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of subacute stroke patients revealed no significant differences in infarct volume reduction at 3\u202fmonths (SMD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.50; 95% CI: \u22121.15 to 0.51;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.13;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f63%) or 1\u202fyear (SMD\u202f=\u202f\u22121.02; 95% CI: \u22123.63 to 1.60;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.45;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f92%) between treatment and control group. Chronic stroke patients exhibited less overall volume loss. There was a trend toward improved white matter recovery and motor cortex activity, reflected in increased DTI and fMRI parameters. SPIO-labeled autologous stem cells recently proved safe in patients, with T2* imaging showing engraftment and migration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advanced neuroimaging offers a valuable non-invasive tool for assessing the effects of stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke. However, substantial heterogeneity in imaging protocols and reporting limits cross-study comparisons. Standardization of neuroimaging methodology is essential to advance future research and clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1718086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T15:35:18Z","timestamp":1770737718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke: neuroimaging approaches and evidence from a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moss","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongkai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ates","family":"Fettahoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Kai","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine - Med\/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Moseley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Wintermark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Center, The University of Texas","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary K.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Zaharchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","article-title":"World stroke organization (WSO): global stroke fact sheet 2022","volume":"17","author":"Feigin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007231","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007231.pub3","article-title":"Stem cell transplantation for ischemic stroke","volume":"9","author":"Boncoraglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.121.036948","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, stem cells, and stroke","volume":"53","author":"Anthony","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.122.039005","article-title":"Focused update on stroke neuroimmunology: current progress in preclinical and clinical research and recent mechanistic insight","volume":"53","author":"Boltze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040376","article-title":"mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin): hitting the bull\u2019s eye for enhancing neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia?","volume":"54","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040961","article-title":"Non-tumorigenic pluripotent reparative muse cells provide a new therapeutic approach for neurologic diseases","volume":"10","author":"Yamashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040737","article-title":"Dental-pulp stem cells as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Nito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106453","article-title":"Dental pulp stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of preclinical studies","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112997","article-title":"Cell therapy of stroke: do the intra-arterially transplanted mesenchymal stem cells cross the blood\u2013brain barrier?","volume":"10","author":"Yarygin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/ibra.12095","article-title":"Research progress in clinical trials of stem cell therapy for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ibrain"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04312-w","article-title":"The effectiveness of various cytotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7380","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197380","article-title":"Clinical trials of stem cell therapy for cerebral ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Kawabori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.100249","article-title":"Cell therapy with intravascular administration of mesenchymal stromal cells continues to appear safe: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"eClinMed"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-011-9260-8","article-title":"Stem cell tracking in human trials: a meta-regression","volume":"7","author":"McColgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","article-title":"PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement","volume":"75","author":"McGowan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17226\/13059","article-title":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness Research","volume-title":"Finding what works in health care: Standards for systematic reviews","author":"Eden","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7249.1574","article-title":"Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses","volume":"320","author":"Sutton","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0165-6","article-title":"A step by step guide for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis with simulation data","volume":"47","author":"Tawfik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.636449","article-title":"Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for mobilizing bone marrow stem cells in subacute stroke: the stem cell trial of recovery enhancement after stroke 2 randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"England","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00228","article-title":"Intra-arterial infusion of autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cells in subacute ischemic stroke patients","volume":"7","author":"Ghali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007028","article-title":"Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke: a multicentric, randomized trial","volume":"45","author":"Prasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2021.03.005","article-title":"The effects of intravenous infusion of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with subacute middle cerebral artery infarct: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial on safety, tolerability and efficacy","volume":"23","author":"Law","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.20-0369","article-title":"Longitudinal neuroimaging evaluation of the corticospinal tract in patients with stroke treated with autologous bone marrow cells","volume":"10","author":"Haque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00141","article-title":"Serial cerebral metabolic changes in patients with ischemic stroke treated with autologous bone marrow derived mononuclear cells","volume":"10","author":"Haque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2013-0178","article-title":"Intra-arterial Immunoselected CD34+ stem cells for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"3","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00526-9","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with acute ischaemic stroke in Spain (IBIS trial): a phase 2, randomised, open-label, standard-of-care controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"22","author":"Moniche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20501","article-title":"Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients","volume":"57","author":"Bang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.a4232","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of MR imaging findings in patients with middle cerebral artery stroke implanted with mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"36","author":"Wanamaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.18-0220","article-title":"Stable intracerebral transplantation of neural stem cells for the treatment of paralysis due to ischemic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3256","article-title":"Intracerebral transplantation of autologous adipose-derived stem cells for chronic ischemic stroke: a phase I study","volume":"16","author":"Chiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30513-X","article-title":"Human neural stem cells in patients with chronic ischaemic stroke (PISCES): a phase 1, first-in-man study","volume":"388","author":"Kalladka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.116.012995","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of transplanted modified bone marrow\u2013derived mesenchymal stem cells in stroke","volume":"47","author":"Steinberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.JNS173147","article-title":"Two-year safety and clinical outcomes in chronic ischemic stroke patients after implantation of modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SB623): a phase 1\/2a study","volume":"131","author":"Steinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.02.009","article-title":"Intracerebral transplantation of MRI-trackable autologous bone marrow stromal cells for patients with subacute ischemic stroke","volume":"5","author":"Kawabori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3080","article-title":"Intravenous bone marrow mononuclear cells for acute ischemic stroke: safety, feasibility, and effect size from a phase I clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Vahidy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.036545","article-title":"Circulating extracellular vesicles in stroke patients treated with mesenchymal stem cells: a biomarker analysis of a randomized trial","volume":"53","author":"Bang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X678562","article-title":"Intracerebral implantation of autologous peripheral blood stem cells in stroke patients: a randomized phase II study","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr063","article-title":"Intravenous administration of auto serum-expanded autologous mesenchymal stem cells in stroke","volume":"134","author":"Honmou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.46582\/jsrm.0803011","article-title":"Autologous intravenous mononuclear stem cell therapy in chronic ischemic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Bhasin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stem Cells Regen Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034505","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous mesenchymal stem cells for motor recovery after ischemic stroke: a neuroimaging study","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00787-z","article-title":"Autologous mesenchymal stem cells improve motor recovery in subacute ischemic stroke: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Jaillard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319022","article-title":"Increased deep grey matter functional connectivity of poststroke hNSC implanted ipsilesional putamen","volume":"90","author":"Kalladka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200109000-00011","article-title":"Serial [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography after human neuronal implantation for stroke","volume":"49","author":"Meltzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051322","article-title":"Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"174","author":"Shyu","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2015.0160","article-title":"Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation for stroke: Phase1\/2a clinical trial in a homogeneous Group of Stroke Patients","volume":"24","author":"Taguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.55.4.565","article-title":"Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke","volume":"55","author":"Kondziolka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087172.16305.CD","article-title":"Probability of regaining dexterity in the flaccid upper limb: impact of severity of paresis and time since onset in acute stroke","volume":"34","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07274-x","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy for ischemic stroke recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Tang","year":"","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2007.05.011","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain","volume":"4","author":"Alexander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20988","article-title":"Astrocytic endogenous glial cell derived neurotrophic factor production is enhanced by bone marrow stromal cell transplantation in the ischemic boundary zone after stroke in adult rats","volume":"58","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10406-x","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cell therapy enhances recovery in an ischemic stroke pig model","volume":"7","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23582","article-title":"Compromised blood\u2013brain barrier competence in remote brain areas in ischemic stroke rats at the chronic stage","volume":"522","author":"Garbuzova-Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30078-X","article-title":"Global brain inflammation in stroke","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1623","article-title":"Astrocyte-mediated control of cerebral blood flow","volume":"9","author":"Takano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.025","article-title":"MRI detects white matter reorganization after neural progenitor cell treatment of stroke","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-017-1804-4","article-title":"Imaging spectrum of central nervous system complications of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation","volume":"59","author":"Server","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2017-0274","article-title":"Central nervous system complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23099","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023099","article-title":"Mobilisation of Hematopoietic CD34+ Precursor Cells in Patients with Acute Stroke Is Safe - Results of an Open-Labeled Non Randomized Phase I\/II Trial","volume":"6","author":"Boy","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22458","article-title":"Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for ischemic stroke","volume":"70","author":"Savitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1718086\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:21:25Z","timestamp":1771928485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1718086\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1718086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1718086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"article-number":"1718086"}}