{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T22:54:17Z","timestamp":1781564057018,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is frequently accompanied by Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), causing individuals to physically act out their dreams. The REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire (RBDSQ) is a 13-items self-report tool to identify individuals with probable REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (pRBD). While self-report of symptoms is limited by inaccuracies in recall and subjective interpretation, some of the RBDSQ items concerns nocturnal motor behavior that could be suitable for digital assessment. Therefore, we examined the potential of the Empatica E4 wristband to objectively support RBD assessment alongside the self-reported RBDSQ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To capture nocturnal motor behavior (e.g., number, total sleep time, magnitude) and heart rate variability, data from 149 nights were recorded continuously from 14 people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Data were analyzed by visual inspection, movement classification, and the Cole-Kripke algorithm. Participants also completed the RBDSQ. Cronbach\u2019s alpha was used to determine how consistently the clinical and digital data points were measuring the same underlying construct of nocturnal motor behavior and RBDSQ defined pRBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified four RBDSQ items that assessed nocturnal motor behavior and there were discrepancies between self-reported RBDSQ items and sensor data for these items. Accelerometry data showed higher frequency of nocturnal motor activity in individuals with RBDSQ defined pRBD in crude models, which was not fully captured in the RBDSQ scores. We explored the potential of integrating sensor data into selected RBDSQ items, and evaluation with Cronbach\u2019s alfa indicated high internal consistency (\u03b1\u202f=\u202f0.87).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplementing self-reported questionnaires with wearable sensor data could provide a more objective and reliable method for assessing RBDSQ defined pRBD in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. This approach could improve symptom assessment accuracy by reducing the subjective biases inherent in self-reported data and by capturing symptoms that are fluctuating, underreported or unrecognized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1720068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T13:53:26Z","timestamp":1768398806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Empatica E4 wristband assessment of probable REM sleep behavior disorder in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Results from the DIGI.PARK study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Aaslestad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Marty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Patrascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"Complex Systems Laboratory, University Politehnica of Bucharest","place":["Bucharest, Romania"]},{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haakon","family":"Reithe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina S.","family":"Husebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf Moe","family":"Nilssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Sheard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson\u2019s disease, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kverneng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson\u2019s disease, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalampos","family":"Tzoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson\u2019s disease, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Line Iden","family":"Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"NKS Olaviken Gerontopsychatric Hospital","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3560","article-title":"Relationship between arousal intensity and heart rate response to 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