{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:20:52Z","timestamp":1787026852625,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008853","name":"Jining Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dynamic interplay between brain endothelial cells (BECs) and T cells is a key event in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This process allows the extravasation of T cells from the peripheral circulation into the central nervous system (CNS), thereby triggering neuroinflammation and tissue damage. In MS, activated BECs facilitate T cell activation, recruitment, and CNS infiltration by upregulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and chemokines. In response, T cells interact with BECs by expressing corresponding ligands, thereby modulating the immunoregulatory and barrier functions of BECs. This cross-talk between BECs and T cells significantly increases the complexity of MS treatment. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the mutually reinforcing interactions between BECs and T cells based on existing research and highlights recent therapeutic strategies for either BECs or T cells that show promise in achieving favorable outcomes for treating MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1721076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:24:13Z","timestamp":1771478653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interaction of brain endothelial cells with T cells: implications for progression and therapeutic strategies of multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Research and Translation, Jinan Third People\u2019s Hospital, Jining Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04888-5","article-title":"Endothelial ETS1 inhibition exacerbate blood-brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis through inducing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac019","article-title":"Intrinsic blood-brain barrier dysfunction contributes to multiple sclerosis pathogenesis","volume":"145","author":"Nishihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.5.1477","article-title":"Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier precedes symptoms and other MRI signs of new lesions in multiple sclerosis. 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