{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:22:41Z","timestamp":1790108561121,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The acute inflammatory response following ischemic stroke is a key factor in exacerbating brain injury. Modulating excessive inflammation during the oxidative stress (OS) phase represents a potential therapeutic strategy; however, clinical interventions remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>M0 and M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M0-exo and M2-exo) were administered to microglia under oxygen\u2013glucose deprivation\/reperfusion (OGD\/R) conditions and to mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory effects were then investigated through a combination of bioinformatic analysis and fundamental experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment with exosomes markedly suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, they significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume and improved neurological function in mice. Notably, the anti-inflammatory effect of M2-exo was significantly superior to that of M0-exo. miRNA sequencing and subsequent validation revealed a specific enrichment of miR-330-5p in M2-exo. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that miR-330-5p suppresses the expression of Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in microglia, consequently reducing the production of downstream inflammatory factors. Treatment with Syk or Stat3 inhibitors partially mimicked the anti-inflammatory action of miR-330-5p in rescue studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results unveil a novel anti-inflammatory pathway mediated by M2-exo, providing novel insights for stroke therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1733679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:34:22Z","timestamp":1770183262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["M2 macrophage-derived exosomes mitigate acute inflammation following ischemic stroke"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jinyang","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenchang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, 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