{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:15:21Z","timestamp":1792084521145,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Effective post-stroke spasticity (PSS) management relies on early recognition and treatment, but access to specialist physicians is limited and PSS remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Empowering non-specialist nurses and therapists to identify potential harmful PSS may expedite appropriate referral. We assessed validity and inter-rater reliability (IRR) of the spastic movement disorders decision tree for upper extremity spasticity by comparing referral decisions made by nurses and therapists to those made by specialist physicians (\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06381999<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The decision tree evaluates three cardinal symptoms of PSS at the elbow, wrist, and fingers using simplified versions of standard scales. Nurses and physio\u2212\/occupational therapists used the decision tree to rate each symptom as \u201cno\/minimal,\u201d \u201cmoderate,\u201d or \u201csevere,\u201d resulting in a dichotomous outcome of referral\/no-referral to a specialist. Referral decisions (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f69) by five nurses (primary objective) and four therapists (secondary objective) were compared with standard specialist physician decisions (two physicians).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IRR was high between nurses and physicians on the need for specialist referral, overall (85.5%) and at the elbow (88.4%), wrist (85.5%), and fingers (84.1%), with 84.6% sensitivity (to correctly identify patients requiring specialist referral) and 86.7% specificity (to identify those not requiring specialist referral). Positive and negative predictive values were also high overall (89.2 and 81.3%, respectively) and at all (movement) segments. Findings were similar for therapists versus physicians. Sensitivity analyses based on a categorical endpoint (low risk for PSS, assess botulinum toxin type A [BoNT-A] indication, indication for BoNT-A) showed similar trends, although IRR versus physicians was lower for both nurses and therapists compared with dichotomous results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This decision tree for spasticity in the upper extremities showed high validity and reliability for effectively helping nurses and therapists recognize potential PSS and initiate specialist referral for timely diagnosis and potential BoNT-A treatment. It is recommended that this tool be introduced into standard clinical practice and its potential for broader use in community settings be examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1735793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:05:42Z","timestamp":1778691942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early recognition of post-stroke spasticity: the I-REFER study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Klemens","family":"Fheodoroff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KABEG Gailtal-Klinik, Neurorehabilitation","place":["Hermagor, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Waeschle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH","place":["Frankfurt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Schuetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Pharma Austria GmbH","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Comes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH","place":["Frankfurt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Wissel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Psychosomatics at Wittenbergplatz, Out-Patient Clinic","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"University of Potsdam, Health-Campus Brandenburg","place":["Potsdam, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00277-6","article-title":"Pragmatic solutions to reduce the global burden of stroke: a world stroke organization\u2013lancet neurology commission","volume":"22","author":"Felgin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2020.1843845","article-title":"Early clinical predictors of post-stroke spasticity","volume":"28","author":"Glaess-Leistner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182762448","article-title":"Toward an epidemiology of poststroke spasticity","volume":"80","author":"Wissel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.04.004","article-title":"Onset, time course and prediction of spasticity after stroke or traumatic brain injury","volume":"62","author":"Sunnerhagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182764c86","article-title":"Poststroke spasticity: sequelae and burden on stroke survivors and caregivers","volume":"80","author":"Zorowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11795735211036576","DOI":"10.1177\/11795735211036576","article-title":"Early identification, intervention and management of post-stroke spasticity: expert consensus recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Bavikatte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cent Nerv Syst Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-119192","article-title":"Behandlung und Pflege von Schlaganfallpatienten \u2013 Zur Spastik nach Schlaganfall und den damit assoziierten volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten. 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